Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 4.djvu/182

166 TREITSCHKE,, author and entomologist, deserves a place in a Dictionary of Music, as the adapter of Joseph Sonnleithner's libretto for Beethoven's 'Fidelio,' for its revival in 1814. He was born at Leipzig, Aug. 29, 1776, died at Vienna, June 4, 1842. In 1793 his father sent him for further education to Switzerland, and there he became acquainted with Gessner of Zurich, who inspired him with a love of literature. In 1802 he went to Vienna, and fell in with Baron Braun who made him manager and librettist of the Court theatre, of which he himself was director. In 1809 he became vice-director of the theatre an-der-Wien, but in 1814 returned to his former post. In 1822 the whole of the financial arrangements of the Court theatre were placed in his hands, and remained there till his death. He adapted a host of French librettos (Cherubini's 'Deux Journées,' 'Médée,' 'Aline,' etc.) for the German stage, not always, it must be owned, with the skill shown in 'Fidelio.' His connexion with Beethoven was considerable. Besides the revision of 'Fidelio' in 1813–14, a letter of Beethoven to him, dated June 6, 1811, seems to speak of a proposed opera book; another, of July 3, of a melodrama. Beethoven supplied music to a chorus of his, 'Germania,' à propos to the Fall of Paris (March 31, 1814), and to another chorus, 'Es ist vollbracht,' celebrating the entry of the Allies into Paris, July 15, 1815. Treitschke made a collection of 2,582 species of butterflies, now in the National Museum in Pesth, and was the author of several books on entomology. His first wife,

, née de Caro, a celebrated dancer—born at Civita Vecchia, April 25, 1788, died at Vienna, Aug. 24, 1816—was brought up in London and Dublin, and became thoroughly English. Introduced on the stage by Noverre, her grace and charm created a perfect furore. She afterwards studied under Duport, made several tours, and on her return to London appeared with Vestris in the 'Caliph of Bagdad.' There in 1815 she closed her artistic career, went back to her husband in Vienna, died, and was buried near Haydn's grave.[ F. G. ]

TREMOLO. A figure consisting, in the case of bowed instruments, of reiterated notes played as rapidly as possible with up and down bow, expressed thus with the word tremolo or tremolando added (without which the passage would be played according to the rhythmical value of the notes), producing a very fine effect, if judiciously used, both in fortissimo and pianissimo passages. On the pianoforte it is a rapid alternation of the parts of divided chords, reproducing to a great extent the above-mentioned effect. Good examples of Tremolo are to be found in various branches of music—for the Piano in the Introduction to Weber's Solo Sonata in A♭, and in the Finale to Schubert's Rhapsodie Hongroise, where it gives the effect of the cymbalum or zither in the Hungarian bands; for the Piano and Violin, in the Introduction to Schubert's Phantasie in C (op. 159); for the Orchestra, in Weber's Overtures, and Schubert's Overture to Fierabras. For the PF. and Voice a good example is Schubert's song 'Am Meer.' Beethoven uses it in the Funeral March of the Solo Sonata, op. 26; in the Sonata Appassionata, and that in C minor, op. 111. The strictly classical PF. writers evidently did not consider tremolo without rhythm legitimate in original piano words—another example (if such were needed) of the purity with which they wrote. The tremolo on the PF. is therefore a reproduction of the effect of other instruments, as in Beethoven's Funeral March just mentioned. This, though written rhythmically, is, by common consent, played as a real tremolo, being clearly a representation of the roll of muffled drums. Some of the best of the Romantic school, as Weber and Schumann, have used the real Tremolo. Beethoven ends a droll note to Steiner on the dedication of the Sonata, op. 106, as follows:—

2. In vocal music the term is applied to the abuse of a means of expression or effect, legitimate if used only at the right time and place, and in the right way. It assumed the character of a vocal vice about forty years ago, and is supposed to have had its origin in the vibrato of Rubini, first assuming formidable proportions in France, and thence quickly spreading throughout the musical world.

The Vibrato and the Tremolo are almost equally reprehensible as mannerisms. Mannerisms express nothing but carelessness or self-sufficiency, and the constant tremolo and vibrato are therefore nauseous in the extreme. Their constant use as a means of expression is simply false, for if they are to represent a moral or physical state, it is that of extreme weakness or of a nervous agitation which must soon wear out the unfortunate victim of its influence. The tremolo is said to be frequently the result of forcing the voice. It may be so in some cases, but it is almost exclusively an acquired habit in this age of 'intensity.' It is a great mistake to say that it is never to be used, but it must only be so when the dramatic situation actually warrants or requires it. If its use is to be banished entirely from vocal music, then it should equally disappear from instrumental music, though, by the way, the instrumental tremolo is more nearly allied to the vocal vibrato. Indeed, what is called 'vibrato' on bowed instruments is what would be 'tremolo' in vocal music. [.] What is it that produces its fine effect in instrumental music? In loud passages it expresses sometimes joy and exultation; in others, agitation or terror; in all cases, tension or emotion of some