Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 2.djvu/230

218 Teresa, that by her desire Prince Esterhazy had the whole apparatus sent to Vienna for the amusement of the Court. In London, fantoccini were playing between the years 1770 and 80 at Hickford's large Rooms in Panton Street, Haymarket, Marylebone Gardens, and in Piccadilly. In Nov. 1791 Haydn was present at one of these performances in the elegant little theatre called Varietés Amusantes, belonging to Lord Barrymore, in Savile Row. He was much interested, and wrote in his diary, 'The puppets were well-managed, the singers bad, but the orchestra tolerably good.' The playbill may be quoted as a specimen.

A critic in 'The Gazetteer' says:—'So well did the motion of the puppets agree with the voice and tone of the prompters, that, after the eye had been accustomed to them for a few minutes, it was difficult to remember that they were puppets.'

Fantoccini are by no means to be despised even in these days. They give opportunity for 'many a true word to be spoken in jest'; they show up the bad habits of actors, and form a mirror in which adults may see a picture of life none the less true for a little distortion. [ C. F. P. ]

MARITANA. Opera in 3 acts, founded on Don Cesar de Bazan; words by Fitzball, music by W. V. Wallace. Produced at Drury Lane by Mr.Bunn, Nov. 15, 1845. [ G. ]

MARKULL,, born Feb. 17, 1816, near Elbing, Prussia. He studied composition and organ playing under Friedrich Schneider, at Dessau; became in 1836 principal organist at Dantzig and conductor of the 'Gesangverein' there. Markull also enjoys reputation as a pianist, and has given excellent concerts of chamber music. He has composed operas, oratorios, and two symphonies, and many works for the organ, and contributes musical articles for Dantzig journals. [ H. S. O. ]

MARPURG,, eminent writer on music, born 1718 [App. p.711 "Oct 1"] at Marpurgshof, near Seehausen, in Brandenburg. Little is known of his musical education, as Gerber gives no details, although Marpurg furnished him with the history of his life. Spazier ('Leipzig musik. Zeitung,' ii. 553) says that in 1746 he was secretary to General Rothenburg in Paris, and there associated with Voltaire, Maupertuis, D'Alembert, and Rameau; and Eberhard remarks that his acquaintance with good society would account for his refined manners and his tact in criticism. The absence in his works of personality and of fine writing, then so common with musical authors, is the more striking as he had great command of language and thoroughly enjoyed discussion. His active pen was exercised in almost all branches of music—composition, theory, criticism, and history. Of his theoretical works the most celebrated are—the 'Handbuch beim Generalbasse, und der Composition,' founded on Rameau's system (3 parts, 1757–8, Berlin); 'Der kritische Musicus an der Spree' (Berlin, 1750), containing on p. 129 a lucid explanation of the old Church Modes; the 'Anleitung zur Singecomposition' (Berlin, 1758), and the 'Anleitung zur Musik' (Berlin, 1763), both still popular; the 'Kunst das Clavier zu spielen' (1750); the 'Versuch über die musikalische Temperatur' (Breslau, 1776), a controversial pamphlet intended to prove that Kirnberger's so-called fundamental bass was merely an interpolated bass; and the 'Abhandlung von der Fuge,' 62 plates (Berlin 1753–54; 2nd edition 1806; French, Berlin 1756), a masterly summary of the whole science of counterpoint at that period, with the solitary defect that it is illustrated by a few short examples, instead of being treated in connection with composition. This Marpurg intended to remedy by publishing a collection of fugues by well-known authors, with analyses, but he only issued the first part (Berlin, 1758). Of his critical works the most important is the 'Historischkritische Beiträge,' 5 vols. (Berlin, 1744–62 [App. p.711 "1754–78"]). Among the historical may be specified a MS. 'Entwurf einer Geschichte der Orgel,' of which Gerber gives the table of contents; and the 'Kritische Einleitung in die Geschichte der Tonkunst' (Berlin, 1751). A jeu d'esprit, 'Legende einiger Musikheiligen von Simon Metaphrastes dem Jüngeren' (Cologne, 1786), appeared under his pseudonym. Of compositions he published, besides collections of contemporary music, '6 Sonaten für das Cembalo' (Nuremberg, 1756); 'Fughe e capricci' (Berlin, 1777): and 'Versuch in figurirten Chorälen,' vols. i and 2; 'Musikalisches Archiv,' an elucidation of the 'Historisch, kritischen Beiträge,' was announced, but did not appear.

Marpurg died May 22, 1795, in Berlin, where he had been director of the government lottery from 1763. [ F. G. ]

MARSCHNER,, celebrated German opera-composer, born Aug. 16, 1796 [App. p.711 "1795"], at Zittau in Saxony. He began to compose sonatas, Lieder, dances, and even orchestral music, with no further help than a few hints from various musicians with whom his beautiful soprano voice and his pianoforte playing brought him into contact. As he grew up he obtained more