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96 Haydn, Beethoven, and other famous composers, was known far and wide, though in course of time in great measure dispersed. Domenico died on July 5, 1842, and the business has been carried on since under the old name by his son August. Haydn was for many years in most intimate relations with Artaria and Co. What they published for Beethoven may be seen in the fullest detail in Nottebohm's catalogue of the works of the great composer. [ C. F. P. ]

ARTAXERXES, an opera in three acts composed by Dr. Arne, the words translated from Metastasio's 'Artaserse,' probably [App. p.523 omits "probably"] by Arne himself. Produced at Covent Garden Theatre Feb. 2, 1762, and long a favourite piece on the London boards.

ARTEAGA,, a learned Jesuit, born about 1750 at Madrid. On the suppression of the order he went to Italy and became a member of the Academy of Padua. He afterwards resided at Bologna, and there made the acquaintance of, at whose instance he investigated the rise and progress of the Italian stage. His work, entitled 'Rivoluzioni del teatro musicale Italiano, dalla suo origine fine al presente,' (two vols., 1783) is of importance in the history of music. A second edition, in three vols., appeared at Venice in 1785. He also left behind him a MS. treatise on the rhythm of the ancients, of which however all traces have disappeared. [ F. G. ]

ART OF FUGUE, THE (Die Kunst der Fuge), a work of Sebastian Bach's, in which the art of fugue and counterpoint is taught, not by rules but in examples. It was written in 1749, the last year of his life, and is therefore the last legacy of his immense genius and experience. The work consists of sixteen fugues—or in Bach's language 'counterpoints'—and four canons, for one pianoforte, and two fugues for two pianofortes, all on one theme

in every variety of treatment; and closes with a fugue on three new subjects, in the same key as before, the third being the name of BACH (according to the German notation):—

This fugue leaves off on a chord of A, and is otherwise obviously unfinished, interrupted, according to Forkel, by the failure of Bach's eyes, and never resumed. On the other hand the writing of the autograph (Berlin Library), though small and cramp, is very clear, and not like the writing of a half-blind man. We learn on the same authority that it was the master's intention to wind up his work with a fugue on four subjects, to be reversed in all the four parts; of this however no trace exists. The Art of Fugue was partly engraved (on copper) before Bach's death, and was published by Marpurg in 1752 at four thalers, with the addition at the end of a Chorale, 'Wenn wir in hochsten Nothen sind,' in four parts in florid counterpoint, which is said to have been dictated by the master to his son-in-law Altnikol very shortly before his departure, and is thus his 'Nunc dimittis.' This chorale, which has no apparent connection with the preceding portion, is in G major; it is omitted in the editions of Nägeli and Peters, but will be found in Becker's 'J. S. Bach's vierstimmige Kirchengesänge' (Leipzig, 1843).

Thirty copies only of the work were printed by Marpurg, and the plates, sixty in number, came into the hands of Emanuel Bach, who on Sept. 14, 1766, in a highly characteristic advertisement, offered them for sale at any reasonable price. What became of them is not known. There are two modern editions—that of Nägeli of Zürich (1803), published at the instigation of C. M. von Weber, a splendid oblong folio, with the fugues engraved both in score and in compressed arrangement; and that of Peters (1839), edited by Czerny. Neither of these has the Chorale; but the latter of the two contains the 'Thema regium' and the 'Ricerca' from the 'Musikalisches Opfer.' An excellent analysis of the work is Hauptmann's 'Erläuterungen,' etc., originally prefixed to Czerny's edition, but to be had separately (Peters, 1841). [ G. ]

ARTUSI,, born at Bologna in the second half of the 16th century, was a canon of San Salvatore, Venice, a learned musician, and a conservative of the staunchest order, whose life was devoted to combatting the innovations of the then 'music of the future.' His 'Arte del contrapunto ridotto in tavole' was published in 1586 and '89 (translated into German by Frost), but his principal works are controversial, 'Delle imperfezioni delle musica moderna,' 1600 and 1603, directed against Monteverde's use of unprepared sevenths and ninths; 'Difesa ragionata della sentenze date di Ghisilino Dankerts'; 'Impresa del Zarlino,' 1604; 'Considerazione Musicali,' 1607. Artusi was active also as a composer; he published 'Canzonette' for four voices, and a 'Cantata Domino' of his will be found in the Vincenti collection dedicated to. [ F. G. ]

ARWIDSSON,, born in 1791 at Padajoki in Finland; professor of history at the university of Abo from 1817 to 1821, when he was banished by the Russian government for a political article. He retired to Stockholm, and was appointed keeper of the royal library. He edited a most interesting collection of Swedish national songs, 'Svenska Fornsänger,' in 3 vols. (Stockholm, 1834, 1837, and 1842), which forms a continuation of the 'Svenska Folkvisor' of Geijer and Afzelius. [ M. C. C. ]

ASANTSCHEWSKY,, born 1839 at Moscow, since 1863 director of the Conservatoire de Musique at St. Petersburg, one of the most cultivated of living Russian musicians, is remarkable for the delicate finish of diction