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prepared for another expedition, partly to avenge Mortimer, who had fallen in an engagement with the Irish, and partly to suppress MacMurrough, who had taken up arms in consequence of the King having given away to the Duke of Surrey por- tions of his territories near Carlow. A large fleet carrying an army of some 30,000 was again collected at Milford Haven. It sailed on the 29th May, and anchored at Waterford on the 2nd June. The King took with him the English regalia, to impress the native chiefs, and was accompanied by many of the first eccle- siastics and nobles of England. After resting a few days, he rode with some 20,000 men in close array to Kilkenny, where he waited fourteen days in vain for the arrival of the Duke of Albemarle, who was to have been accompanied by 140 chosen men-at-arms, knights, and esquires, and 200 mounted archers, be- sides a corps of carpenters and masons. On the 23rd June Richard marched in the direction of Leighlin Bridge against Art MacMurrough, who retreated before him into the fastnesses of Wicklow. The King's 2,500 axe-men with difficulty cleared a road, while Art's followers cut off his scouts and foraging parties, and scoured the hills and valleys with a fleetness that astonished the English. In an open cleared space (probably near TuUow) and beside a burning native village, Eich- ard set up his standards, and knighted Henry, son of the Duke of Lancaster, and other young nobles who had come to win their spurs in Ireland. MacMurrough successfully eluded all efforts to bring him to an engagement, and continued to cut off the King's supplies, so that, but for their meeting some vessels of the English fleet at Arklow, most of the army might have perished. A contemporary picture, in a chronicle preserved in the British Museum, " represents the arrival of three vessels laden with provisions from Dublin, and the rush made by the soldiers for them. Here the chronicler represents the men as fight- ing among themselves, plunging into the sea, and parting with clothes and money for food and drink. On that day, he be- lieves, there were more than a thousand men drunk, seeing that it was just then the vintage of Spain, * qui est bonne contree.' . . In this drawing the scramble in the water is given with great spirit ; three men are already in the sea, which, however, appears to be rather shallow, (helmets, gauntlets, coats of mail, hoods, and all), and a sailor is depicted stretching over the bows of one of the vessels, and holding out a loaf of bread to

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the nearest soldier. This is the only sailor who appears to take any interest in the matter, the rest of the crews, two men to each vessel, wear an expression of profound indifference." '33 Abandoning further at- tempts against MacMurrough, Richard proceeded to Dublin, amidst loud war cries and shouts of defiance from the Irish ; who according to a French eye-witness, were " as bold as lions, and gave many a hard blow to the King." In the midst of plenty in Dublin, during July, Richard's army forgot the hardships to which they had been subjected. The Duke of Albe- marle arrived with the expected rein- forcements in 100 barges, bringing news of the revolt of Henry, Duke of Lan- caster, and Richard was obliged to make immediate preparations for return. He took shipping from Waterford, and arrived in Milford Haven, Sth August, after a two days' passage. He left Sir John Stanley as Lord-Lieutenant. King Richard was dethroned on the 29th of the following September, and is supposed to have been murdered at Pontefract, on 14th February 1 400. He was eventually buried in Westminster Abbey. '^ '39 '5= ^9 233 335 Rinucciui, Giovan Batista, Arch- bishop of Fermo, who acted a prominent part in Ireland between the years 1645 and 1649, was born at Rome, 15th September 1592. In 1645 he was sent by Pope In- nocent X. as Nuncio to the Confederate Catholics in arms in Ireland. The main object of his embassy was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion in Ireland. The 14th section of his instruc- tions reads : " Let him promote the inter- ests of the Catholic religion in such a manner as to show he considers it one with the English crown, and hold firmly to the principle that at no time could he wish its yoke to be thrown off, nor ever hearken to propositions which tend to the contrary." His retinue consisted of twenty- six Italians, several Irish oflicers, and his secretary. Belling. Leaving Rome in April, he spent some time in Paris, where he in vain sought an interview with Queen Henrietta. At Rochelle he bought the frigate San Pietro, freighted her with mili- tary stores, and embarked with his retinue. He had drawn on the Pope for 1 50,658 dollars, while Cardinal Barberini advanced 10,000 crowns, and Cardinal Mazarin 25,000 dollars. Having narrowly es- caped capture by Parliamentary cruisers, he landed in Kenmare Bay, 22nd October 1645, and celebrated Mass in a shepherd's hut. The Supreme Council sent troops to escort him to Kilkenny, which he entered in state on the 13th November. His 453