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DES all public interest in his fortunes was at an end, and we find him back in England at liberty, petitioning the Queen for a proper maintenance, yet owning that his state—penniless, despised, and dying—was happiness compared to "the hell" of his imprisonment in the Tower. He probably died in London towards the end of 1601, aged 30.  Desmond, James, Sugan Earl, was nephew of the 15th Earl. In 1598, exasperated at seeing his ancestral territories in the hands of the English settlers, and at the efforts made to extirpate Catholicism, he joined Hugh O'Neill in his war, and by him was created an earl. Hence "Sugan Earl"—an "earl of straw"—not appointed by regular authority. He soon became a distinguished commander in Munster against the Queen. The plot for his capture, formed by Sir George Carew, fully detailed in Pacata Hibernia, may be here summarized. Dermot O'Conor Don, a valiant man, had, with a body of 1,500 kerns and gallowglasses, entered his service. O'Conor's wife was a sister of the 16th Earl of Desmond, and with a view to promote his interests, she met the advances of Carew, and his advocate, Miler Magrath, Archbishop of Cashel, and persuaded O'Conor to betray his chief for the sum of £1,000. Carew furnished O'Conor with a forged letter as if from the Sugan Earl to Carew, offering to betray O'Conor. This letter was to serve as a pretext with his followers for his treachery. Matters being arranged, O'Conor asked the Sugan Earl to an interview at Connello, on the borders of Limerick, 18th June 1600. After some controversy, O'Conor produced the forged letter, made the Earl a prisoner in the name of O'Neill, and carried him off to his fortress of Castleishin, in the great wood and fastnesses of Connello, in the present County of Limerick. The ruins of the castle still remain. The Earl's followers, with Pierce Lacy and others, immediately assembled, took the castle on the 26th June, and liberated him. At the siege of Glin Castle, by Carew, in July, the Earl, with 3,000 men, watched the proceedings from a distance without being able to interfere. Afterwards, while on his way to the Castle of Aherlow, he was attacked by a strong body of troops from Kilmallock, and after a skirmish, was defeated and driven to seek refuge elsewhere. Even at this low ebb in his fortunes, so strong was his hold on the affections of the people, that the plan of bringing over the "Queen's Earl" completely failed in its object. The successes of Carew, however, left him a hunted fugitive flying from forest to forest, on the Galtee mountains, and in Aherlow glen—now sheltered by a faithful harper, Dermond O'Dogan, now escaping by changing clothes with a follower, who allowed himself to be taken in his place. He was upheld through all by the hopes of Spanish succour. Carew made two attempts to have him assassinated; both of which resulted in the death of those who had undertaken the task. All efforts to suborn his immediate followers proved unavailing. At length his relative, the White Knight, agreed for the sum of £1,000 to discover his retreat and betray him. He came upon him concealed in a cave on the Galtees, on 29th May 1601, and effected his capture—although the Earl appealed to his honour as a gentleman, and to the ties of relationship between them. He was first imprisoned in the White Knight's castle of Kilvenay, and afterwards removed in fetters to Cork. Carew was careful to preserve him alive, lest the English adventurers might possibly be baulked of the plunder of his estates by their reverting to an heir, for the confiscation of whose property no legal pretext could be found. On 22nd June Desmond wrote an appeal to the Queen to spare his life, but nobly refused to have any share in betraying O'Neill to the Government—which, it was hinted, would ensure his restoration to favour. He was immured in the Tower on 13th August 1601. Sir George Carew, in sending him to London, wrote of him as being "a man the most generally beloved by all sortes (as well in this towne as in the contrey) that in my life I have ever known;" and calls him a "dull spirited traitor" for not being willing to entrap his associates. His mind soon succumbed under the confinement of the Tower. Among the bills of the keeper is an entry which tells its own tale: "One quarter at 3li. per week, physicke, sourgeon, and watcher with him in his lunacy." His death took place about 1608, and he was interred in the chapel of the Tower. The Sugan Earl is designated in state documents "James McThomas," any acknowledgment of his Desmond title being avoided. In a petition for pardon, dated 2nd June 1607, his signature, "Jas. Desmond" is crossed over, and "James Gyerallde" substituted in his own hand. The Desmond Pedigree states: "Apart from the matter of his rebellion, he ever proved himself an honourable, truthful, and humane man." Cox says he was one of the handsomest men of his time. Though thrice married, he left no descendants.  145