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bim his two daaghters Nu Ting and Haang in marriage. In B.C. 2287 he was associated in the government with the £mperor, and on the death of the latter and the expiration of the period of three years' mourning, he duly succeeded to the throne. He is said to have had double pupils to his eyes, a peculiarity also ascribed to Hsiang Chi. He received the designation of ^ ^ Ch^ung-hua, implying that he riyalled in virtue the Emperor Tao. Canonised

as J^H^^.

1742 Shun Chih ||K y^. A.D. 1638-1661. The title of the reign of

Fu-lin, who ruled over China from 1644—1661. He was

the ninth son of T4en Ts^ung, and was left to ihe care of his uncle as Regent. His reign was almost entirely occupied in con- solidating the newly-acquired empire. His kindly character as a man, and his magnanimity as a ruler, were extolled by his con- temporaries. He left the Chinese in control of the ciyil administration, and treated the Catholic missionaries with favour. The Dutch and Russian embassies to his Court in 1656 found there enyoys from the Great Mogul, the Wesj^n Tartars, and the Dalai Lama. In '1659 the raid of Eoxinga up the Yang-tsze was defeated, and in the last year of the reign the Dutch were expelled from Formosa. Canonised as jj|^ j|g^ ^ ^ ^.

Shun Ti. See (Han) Liu Pao; (E. Sung) Llu Chun. Shun Tsung. See Li Sung.

1743 So-ni ^ A- Died A.D. 1667. A trusted counsellor of the Emperors T'ai Tsu and T'ai Tsung of the present dynasty, whose cause his family had espoused, and to whom his knowledge of Chinese, Mongol, and Manchu, proved very useful. He distinguished himself as ambassador to surrounding tribes, as a warrior against the Mings,

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and as a statesman in home politics. He was degraded in 1645 for letting the people fish in the moat round the palace and pasture cattle on Imperial ground. When Shun Chih assumed the reins of