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younger son. He excused himself however from going io the front until 1680, when he was at length ordered to Peking on a charge of insubordination. His family arranged the assassination of his chief accuser, for which crime he and several of his relatives were condemned to death. In consideration of his father*s services he was allowed to commit suicide.

Shang E'O-hsi ^^ ^. Died A.D. 1676. A native of Liao- 1677 tung, who in 1634 entered the military service of the Manchus. In 1646 he was ennobled as Prince, and led an army into the province of Euangtnng. In 1650 he captured the city of Canton, after a ten months* siege. He was then appointed a Feudatory Prince of the empire, with the title ^ ^, under which he ruled for many years over Euangtuug. In 1674 he applied to retire, on the ground of sickness. His eldest son, Shang Chih-hsin, passed over to Wu San-kuei, but he himself remained unshaken in his loyalty until his death which followed upon a severe illness.

Shang Ti. See Liu Lung.

Shang Yang. See Wei Yang.

Shao Ch*ang-heng SP ^^ H (T. ^'M-^-^f^ )• 18*^ cent. 1678

A.D. A native of Eiangsu, who graduated as hsiu tJ'ai at 10 years of age, but whose failure to take the degree of cM jen at the first attempt caused him to abandon the idea of an official career. He

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accordingly devoted himself to history and philosophy, and was rewarded by being placed among the leading scholars of this dynasty. His chief work was the "j^ 4^ ^ Big', a dictionary of ancient and modern rhymes, arranged under 106 finals according to the four tones. His collected writings are published under the title of ^ f^ ^.

Shao Chln-han SP W ® (T. HIK and H ^. H. ^ ;^). 1679

A.D. 1742—1796. A native of Chehkiang, and the first great historical scholar of the present dynasty. Of weak constitution,. he devoted himself solely to study; and from 1773 until his death,