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494 list. When the names were read out, he found that the first man was Liu Chi, who had changed his name to Lin ^ Ytln. The latter did not hold office very long. At his grandmother's death he retired into private life, and devoted himself to charitable enter- prises, distributing allotments of land among his poorer clansmen and building huts for students who came from a distance to study under him. Author of the ^ ^ ^.

Liu Chi ^g (T. ^|S i^). A.D. 1311-1375. A native of ^ B9 Ch4ng-t*ien in Chehkiang, by the name of which place he is sometimes known, who graduated as chin ahi/i about 1330. He was a student of the Classics and also of astrology, but especially distinguished as a poet. He acted as secretary to the General in command against Fang Euo-chSn, and protested so loudly against the latter's pardon that he himself was forced to retire. Throwing in his lot with the forces which ultimately drove out the Mongols, he was admitted to intimacy by Chu Yiian-chang whom he aided in consolidating the power of the Mings, for which service he was ennobled as Earl. Gradually however he lost the confidence of the Emperor, who had hitherto always addressed him as ^ ^ Teacher; and he was poisoned, with Imperial connivance, by the new favourite, Hu Wei-yuug, whose appointment had filled him with disgust. Canonised as ^ J^.

Liu CM ^ ^ (T. Ife ;2! )• ^^^ ^'^' 1^93. Graduating as chin shih in 1448, he served in the Han-lin College and in 1465 edited the biographical record of the Emperor Ting Tsung, rising by 1475 to be a Grand Secretary. He and his colleagues, Wan An and ^^^ Liu Yfl, did nothing to check the vagaries of Hsien Tsung; and they were contemptuously nicknamed jj^ j^ — ^ ^ ^^® Three Paper-aiid-Paste Ministers, from their sticking so closely to office. He alone of the old Ministers retained office on the accession of Hsiao Tsung in 1488. His efforts to bribe the