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492 year the degree of £ jj^ -|^ ^ Scholar in the Five Classics was instituted; and in 134 followed the degree of ^ ]^ hsiao lieHf which is equivalent to the modern chU jen. A proclamation was issued, calling for men of genius to present themselves at Court; in response to which the famous Tung-fang So appeared upon the scene. Li Euang and Chang Ch4en carried the Imperial arms into Central Asia, and the dreaded Hsiung-nu were for many years held in check upon the north-west frontier.. In 130 the wild tribes of Yunnan were reduced to subjection. In 121 SstL-ma Ch^en reformed the calendar, and from this date accurate chronology may be almost said to begin. Great attention was paid to the improvement of music; and the important religious sacrifices to Heaven and Earth, known as ^ )jip f^g shan^ were established. Notwithstanding his enlightened policy, the Emperor was personally an ardent student of Taoist mysteries (see Li Shao^chuti)^ and patronised the numerous quacks who pretended to have discovered the transmutation of metals and the elixir of life. His later years were embittered by the loss of his eldest son, whom he had wrongfully put to death at the instigation of his favourite concubine, the Lady Eou I. Canonised as :^ ^ ^ ^, with the temple name of jtf* ^.

Liu Chen ^ ^ or Liu Fao ff (T. ^J^). Died AD. 126. A native of ^ ^ Ts'ai-yang in Honan. As a youth he was fond of study, and rose to high office under the Emperor An Ti of the Han dynasty. Author of the ^ ^ |S ^ * ^ collection of elegies and odes, and also of the ^ r^, a dictionary of terms with fanciful explanations. He was commonly known as ^|J jSii.

Liu Ch'en ^J ]^ or Liu Lang ^J^. Ist cent. A.D. A native of the ^ Yen District in Eiangsu, who once wandered away with his friend ^ ^ Yiian Chao into the ^ "j^ T*ien- t^ai hills to gather simples. There they fell in with two beautiful