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382 and these phenomena he boldly attributed to the excessive fayoui shown by the Emperor to the Empress and the ladies of the sert^lio. For yssrs he continued his remonstrances against Court abuses, and his name came to be coupled with that of Lou Ho. His intimate acquaintance with Ching Fang enabled him to speak more positively upon Divine portents, in reference to which he presented, first and last, over forty memorials. He was ultimatelj promoted to be Minister of Agriculture, but died within a year.

K'uai T'ung 蒯徹. 2nd cent. B.C. A native of Fan-yang in Ghihli, whose personal name was originally ||^ Gh'S, the same tf that of the Emperor Wu Ti of the Han dynasty. He became one of the adherents, and eventually chief adviser, of the famous Han Hsin, whose fate he attributed to neglect of his own sound adfice. After his master's death he was caught and condemned to be boiled alive; however when the Emperor Eao Tsu asked him wbj he stirred up Han Hsin to treason, he replied,"All dogs bark at strangers; and when I acted in that way, it was because I knew Han Hsin but did not know your Majesty." Upon this he was pardoned, and subsequently served under Ts'ao Ts'an. Author of a poem known as ^ ;fc •

Kuan I-wu  or Kuan Chung 管仲. Died B.C. 645. A native of the Ch4 State, and the bosom friend of Pao Shn-ja, who recommended him to Duke Huan for employment. In 685 he actually became Minister of State, and for many years administered public ajQTairs with marked success. The speculative work which passes under the title of ^ -^ has been attributed to him, but is one of the numerous forgeries of later times.

Kuan Ning  (T. 幼安). A.D. 158-241. A native of ^ ^ Chu-hsil in modern Shantung. At sixteen he lost his father, and though very poor, would accept nothing towards the funeral expenses. He wandered about for some time with Hua