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378 Across Chryse; but he was dissatisfied with the manner in which he was treated, and soon returned. In 1885 he became interpreter to H. E. Chang Chih-tung, resigning in 1897. He has contributed many brilliant articles and poems to various Anglo-Chinese journals, and has displayed a remarkable knowledge of the literatures of France, Italy, and Germany, not to mention those of England, ancient Greece, and Rome. His Defensio Populi^ written at the time of the riots in the Tang-tsze Valley, attracted much attention, exhibiting as it did the deep-seated dislike of the Chinese people to the ^'strange religions" of the west. Formerly known as Hong- beng Eaw, he now signs himself Eaw Hong-beng, which is a transliteration of his surname and his style Hung-ming, as aboTO.

Ku-liang Ch'ih (T. Jg SjJ ). 5th cent. B.C. A popil of Pu Shang, and author of the famous commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals which goes by his name.

Ku-pa-tai (T. ^^). Died A.D. 1708. An Imperial clansman, equally proficient in ordinary learning and in militai? science. In 1675 he stood first at an examination of Mancbu officials, and was placed in the Han-lin College. In 1677 he was sent with instructions to the General opposing Wu San-kuei in Euangtung, and was attached to his staff. Owing to the illness of his chief, he conducted the invasion of T^nnan, and forced
 * 1^ tft ^ ^^ Shih-tsung to kill himself. He served in 1680-

1681 under Lai-t^a, and then resumed his career in Peking} becoming President of the Board of Rites in 1689. In 1693 be lost office owing to the jealousy of his superiors, and when be died he did not leave enough to pay for his funeral. In 1726 the Emperor Yung Gh^ng, whose tutor he had been, restored bis rank and canonised him as ^ Jij^f bestowing Tls. 10,000 on bis starving family. In 1730 he was included in the Temple of Worthies.

Ku Pi. Died A.D. ? 452. A native of the Tai State,