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20 cap, thereby earning the sobriquet of 鐵冠子 the Iron-Cap Philosopher.  Chang Chung-chien 張仲堅. 7th cent. A.D. A mysterious personage, who attached himself for some time to the fortunes of, and was recognised by , his beautiful concubine, as her brother. He seems to have remained with Li Ching until the establishment of the T'ang dynasty, and then to have disappeared as mysteriously as he came. In 636 it was reported by the wild tribes of the south that an ocean-going vessel had come to the 扶餘 Fu-yü country, and that the leader of the expedition had killed the king and set himself on the throne. This man was recognised by Li Ching as being none other than Chang Chung-chien. From his large curly beard he was known as 虬髯公.  Chang Ch'ung-hua 張重華 (T. 泰臨). Died A.D. 354. Son and successor of, who had acknowledged himself the vassal of. He was kept busy during his ten years' reign in repelling Shih Hu's incursions. Canonised as 敬烈.  Chang Erh-ch'i 張爾岐 (T. 稷若. H. 蒿陽). A.D. 1611–1677. A native of 濟陽 Chi-yang in Shantung, who distinguished himself by his writings on the Canons of Rites and of Changes, and also on the Spring and Autumn. After the fall of the Ming dynasty, he lived in retirement; and his writings only came into notice when the Emperor ordered a search to be made for all works of merit.  Chang Fan 張範 (T. 公儀). A man of the 4th cent. A.D. whose son and nephew were captured by brigands. On his appealing for mercy, the brigands restored his son; but he said that his nephew was of tender years, and that they had better take the son instead. Thereupon the robbers restored both the captives.  Chang Fang-p'ing 張方平 (T. 安道. H. 樂全). A.D. 1007–1091. A native of Nanking, who when a boy had such a