Page:A Chinese Biographical Dictionary.djvu/37

18 numbers, and which he called his "flying slaves." When his mother died, he planted a purple-flowered "shrub of longevity" by her grave, whereupon white birds came and nested in the trees around, — both these being mourning colours! Was canonised as 文獻.  Chang Cho 張綽. A scholar of the T'ang dynasty, who graduated about A.D. 860. He trained himself to live without food, and could cut out paper butterflies which would flutter about and return to his hand. The butterfly trick is also attributed to one 張九哥 Chang Chiu-ko, who lived in the 11th cent. A.D.  Chang Chu 張翥 (T. 仲舉). A.D. 1287-1368. A native of 晉密 Chin-ning in Yünnan, who brought himself into notice by his poetry, and was subsequently employed upon the histories of the Liao, China, and Sung dynasties, rising to be a Doctor in the Han-lin College and holding other high offices. Author of a collection of verses known as the 蛻巖詞. His phrase 红羊刧 "cataclysm of the red sheep," which no one has ever been able to explain, is still used in the sense of "great calamity."  Chang Chü-chêng 張居正 (T. 叔大). Died A.D. 1582. A native of 江陵 Chiang-ling in Hupeh, who graduated as chin shih in 1547. He entered the Han-lin College, and won the trust and admiration of and his rival. He rose rapidly, until in 1567 he became a Grand Secretary under the Emperor, whose Tutor he had been. Five years later the removal of, with whom he had fallen out, left him at the head of the government. He allied himself with the eunuch ; but he ruled well, impressing on the boy Emperor a spirit of economy, love for his people, and fair treatment of his Ministers. He earned great opprobrium by checking the licence of Censor criticism, and he harried his opponents remorselessly. But his policy of exalting the Emperor and centralising the government proved most successful, peace and order being 