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in which he was aided by ^ ^ ^ Chu GhiDg-jung. He also wrote commeDtaries on four, of the Classics and on Mencius, and is the author of poems, and of works on history, astronomy, and mathematics.

Chu Yün-ming 祝允明 (T. 希哲 H. 枝山). A.D. 1460—1526. A natiye of Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu, who distinguished himself as a scholar and calligraphist under the Ming dynasty.

Chu Yün-wên. Died A.D. 1440. The son of i^ Piao, eldest son of Chu Ydan-chang. He had a very receding forehead, which much displeased his grandfather; however he grew up to be a clever boy, and could make good verses. His father dying in 1392, he succeeded to the throne in 1398 as second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, and at once took measures to deprive of power his uncles who were Princes of various parts of the empire. Five of them were degraded; but jj^ Ti, Prince of Ten, who ruled modern Chihli, rebelled in 1399, nominally on the pretence that he wished to remove his sovereign's evil advisers. The Emperor and Fang Hsiao-ju mismanaged the war, trusting to double-dealing, until in 1402 Ti was treacherously allowed to cross the Yang-tsze, and Nanking opened its gates to the great monarch afterwards known as Tung Lo. The defeated sovereign vanished. It is supposed that he fled to Tiinnan in the garb of a monk, left to him, so the story runs, with full directions by his grandfather. A.fber nearly forty years* wandering, he is said to have gone to Peking and lived in seclusion in the palace until his death. He was recognised by a eunuch from a mole on his left foot, but the eunuch was afraid to reveal his identity. Known in history as ^ ^ ^ or ^ ^*

Chu Yung-shun  (T- |4 — • H. ^g ]g). A.D. 1617 — 1689. A Dative of E'uu-shan in Kiangsu, at the sack of which town by the conquering Tartars his father perished rather*