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158 Emperor Ch'ien Lung. While only a Prince of the 3rd order, he was placed at the head of the Tsung-li YamSn on the fall of Prince Kung in April 1884. On the Empress Dowager's fiftieth birthday he was promoted to be a Prince of the 2nd order, and in February 1894 of the 1st order. In November 1885 he became a Minister of the Board of Admiralty, and in 1891 he succeeded Prince Ch^un as its President. In consequence of his strongly* expressed opinion that there was no danger to be apprehended from Japan, he fell from power; however in November 1894 he was appointed to assist Prince Eung in the command of the armies about Peking and in the general conduct of the war.

Ch'ing-kuei 慶桂 (T. 樹齋). A.D. 1735-1816. Son of Tin-chi-shan. He served for many years in Turkestan and Manchuria, becoming in 1799 a Grand Secretary. In 1802 he was ennobled, and in 1813 he retired, having held most of the highest offices in the Government. Canonised as 文恪.

Chiu Fang Yin famous phrenologist of old. The "Lavater* of China.

Ch'iu Ch'ang-ch'un  (name in religion ). A.D. 1148—1227. A Taoist of great repute for wisdom and sanctity, who in 1221 was summoned from his retirement in Shantung by Genghis Khan, and travelled in quest of the Emperor's camp through Central Asia to Persia and the frontiers of India. A disciple, named ^ ^ ^ Li Chih-ch^ang, who accompanied him, wrote an account of their wanderings, entitled ®^§E« which was published in 1228.

Ch'iu Chün (T. ). A.D. 1420-1495. A native of Hainan, distinguished as a scholar and statesman. He lost his father at an early age, and was brought up by his mother in great poverty. However, by dint of borrowing books he managed to pass his examinations, and became a member of the Han-lin