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Rh proceeds to be partly expended in improvements on their farms, and partly to be “left in trust” with the Government. This measure threw open hundreds of thousands of acres of land to white settlers, and drew the belt of greedy civilization much tighter around the Indians. Similar treaties to this had been already made with some of the Sioux tribes and with others. It was evident that “the surplus land occupied by the Indians required for the use of the increasing white population,” and that it was “necessary to reduce the reservations.”

There is in this treaty of 1859 one extraordinary provision: “In order to render unnecessary any further treaty engagements or arrangements with the United States, it is hereby agreed and stipulated that the President, with the assent of Congress, shall have full power to modify or change any of the provisions of former treaties with the Winnebagoes, in such manner and to whatever extent he may judge to be necessary and expedient for their welfare and best interest.”

It is impossible to avoid having a doubt whether the chiefs and headmen of the Winnebago tribe who signed this treaty ever heard that proviso. It is incredible that they could have been so simple and trustful as to have assented to it.

Prospects now brightened for the Winnebagoes. With their farms given to them for their own, and a sufficient sum of money realized by the sale of surplus lands to enable them to thoroughly improve the remainder, their way seemed open to prosperity and comfort. They “entered upon farming with a zeal and energy which gave promise of a prosperous and creditable future.”

“Every family in the tribe has more or less ground under cultivation,” says their agent. He reports, also, the minutes of a council held by the chiefs, which tell their own story:

“When we were at Washington last winter, we asked our Great Father to take $300,000 out of the $1,100,000, so that we could commence our next spring's work. We do not want