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 of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 1) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 2) ASTM A333/A333M (1994):
 * 3) *The parties identify 46 C.F.R. § 56.01 (2011) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the standard into 46 C.F.R. §§ 56.50-105; 56.60-1. Section 56.50-105 lists ASTM A333 as the controlling standard setting toughness test criteria for carbon and low alloy steels. 46 C.F.R. § 56.50-105 (Table). It further states that “[s]teels equivalent to those listed in Table 56.50-105 of this part, but not produced according to a particular ASTM specification [including specifications in ASTM A333], may be used only with the prior consent of the Marine Safety Center.” Id. § 56.50-105 (a)(1)(iii). Section 56.60-1 lists ASTM A333 as the controlling standard for piping systems made with low temperature steel pipe. Neither regulation specifies that only certain provisions of ASTM A333/A333M (1994) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM A333/A333M (1994) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 4) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 5) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 6) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 7) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 8) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 9) ASTM A369/A369M (1992):
 * 10) *The parties identify 46 C.F.R. § 56.01-2 (2011) as the incorporating by reference