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 protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 1) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 2) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 3) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 4) ASTM A106/A106M (2004b):
 * 5) *Defendant identifies 49 C.F.R. § 192.7 (2010) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90. The incorporating language in that regulation, however, references only ASTM A106/A106M-08, and not the 2004b version that Defendant published. Nonetheless, ASTM A106/A106M (2004b) was incorporated by reference into law by 49 C.F.R. § 192.7 (2006), which provides that “[a]ny documents or portions thereof incorporated by reference in this part are included in this part as though set out in full. When only a portion of a document is referenced, the remainder is not incorporated in this part.” 49 C.F.R. § 192.7(a). The regulation goes on to incorporate ASTM A106/A106M (2004b) for 49 C.F.R. § 192.113, which lists the standard as the reference procedure for determining the longitudinal joint factor for “seamless” pipe class. See 49 C.F.R. § 192.113. That regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of A106/A106M (2004b) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of A106/A106M (2004b) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 6) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. However, the court finds that the incorporated standard does not provide information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, but rather is incorporated as a reference procedure. Accordingly, “while knowing the content of this incorporated standard might help inform one’s understanding of the law,” it “is not essential to complying with any legal duty,” and thus, Defendant’s use is less transformative and “its wholesale copying, in turn, less justified.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 7) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is