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 of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 1) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 2) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 3) NFPA 58 (2001): Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (Title of work on certificate of registration is “National Fire Codes Vol 3”):
 * 4) *The parties identify 49 C.F.R. § 171.7 (2011) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 91; Wise Decl., Ex. 175, which recognizes the applicable regulation at 49 C.F.R. §§ 173.5 and 173.315. See 49 C.F.R. § 171.7(a)(3) (2011). Sections 173.5 and 173.315 both appear in Part 173 of Department of Transportation regulations titled “Shippers—General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging.” Section 173.5 provides “[a] non-DOT specification cargo tank motor vehicle may be used to transport Liquefied petroleum gas” if, inter alia, “[t]he cargo tank … conforms to applicable requirements in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 58.” Id. § 173.5(d)(4). Section 173.315 requires that “[l]iquefied compressed gases that are transported in UN portable tanks, DOT specification portable tanks, or cargo tanks must be prepared in accordance with this section.” Id. § 173.315(a). Among the section’s requirements is that “[s]torage containers for liquified petroleum gas or propane charged to five percent of their capacity or less and intended for permanent installation on consumer premises may be shipped by private motor carrier under” certain conditions, including that “[e]ach container must be equipped with safety devices in compliance with the requirements for safety devices on containers as specified in NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (IBR, see §171.7 of this subchapter). Id. § 173.5(j), (j)(2). Neither regulation specifies that only certain provisions of NFPA 58 (2001) are incorporated by reference into law, nor do they indicate which specific provisions of NFPA 58 (2001) are relevant for compliance with the regulations.
 * 5) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 6) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair