Page:ASTM v. PRO (D.D.C. 2022).pdf/188

 your engine family complies with the evaporative emission standards by demonstrating that you use” certain control standards, including that for a “metal fuel tank with no nonmetal gaskets or with gaskets made from a low-permeability material,” you “may design-certify with a tank emission level of … 1.5/g/m2/day. A “low-permeability material” is defined as permeability of “10 g/m2/day or less according to ASTM D 814-95.” 40 C.F.R. § 1051.245, Table 1, n.1. The regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D814-95 (reapproved 2000) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D814-95 (reapproved 2000) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 1) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. See also id. at 451 (“Faithfully reproducing the relevant text of a technical standard incorporated by reference for purposes of informing the public about the law obviously has great value.”) (emphasis added). However, the court finds that the incorporated standard does not provide information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, but rather is incorporated as a reference procedure. Accordingly, “while knowing the content of this incorporated standard might help inform one’s understanding of the law,” it “is not essential to complying with any legal duty,” and thus, Defendant’s use is less transformative and “its wholesale copying, in turn, less justified.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 2) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the text published by Defendant is identical to text that was incorporated into law without limitation, such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 3) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of the text in ASTM D814-95 (reapproved 2000) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 4) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 5) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce the text of ASTM D814 (1995) in its entirety.
 * 6) ASTM E283 1991 (1999):
 * 7) *Defendant identifies 10 C.F.R. § 434.701 (2012) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90 at 18, which incorporates ASTM E283-91