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 heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See id. at 450.
 * 1) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the text published by Defendant is identical to text that was incorporated into law without limitation, such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 2) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of the text in ASTM D3173-73, 87 are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 3) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 4) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce the text of ASTM D3173-87 (1996) in its entirety.
 * 5) ASTM D3178 1989 (1997):
 * 6) *Defendant identifies 40 C.F.R. § 60.17 (2011) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90 at 18, which incorporates ASTM D3178-73, 79, 89 for § 60.45(f)(5)(i). While the regulation incorporates ASTM D3178-73, 79, 89, not the 1997 version that Defendant published, the text of the two standards is identical. See Pls. 2d SMF ¶ 35; Def. Statement of Disputed Facts at ¶ 35 (no objection); Def. Mot. at 10 (citing Def. 2d SMF ¶ 84). Section 60.45(f)(5) provides that an owner or operator “may use” the specified equation “to determine an F factor … or Fc factor … in lieu of the F or Fc factors specific in paragraph (f(4)(f)(4) [sic] of this section.” Section 60.45(f)(5)(i) pertains to the specified equation and provides that the weight of certain elements “as determined … using ASTM D3178.” The regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D3178-73, 79, 89 are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D3178-73, 79, 89 are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 7) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. See also id. at 451 (“Faithfully reproducing the relevant text of a technical standard incorporated by reference for purposes of informing the public about the law obviously has great value.”) (emphasis added). However, the court finds that the incorporated standard does not provide information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, but rather is incorporated as a reference procedure. Accordingly, “while knowing the content of this incorporated standard might help inform one’s