Page:ASTM v. PRO (D.D.C. 2022).pdf/144

 for purchasing an opacity monitor that meets the specifications of ASTM D 6216–98,” id. at 6.1, and that an owner or operator “must purchase an opacity monitor that complies with ASTM D 6216–98, id. at 8.1(1). These regulations do not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D6216 (1998) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D6216 (1998) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 1) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 2) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 3) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 4) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 5) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 6) ASTM D6228 (1998):
 * 7) *The parties identify 40 C.F.R. § 60.17 (2011) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the standard for §§ 60.4360 and 60.4415. Section 60.4360 requires that “[y]ou must monitor the total sulfur content of the fuel being fired in the turbine,” and when “the total sulfur content of the gaseous fuel during the most recent performance test was less than half the applicable limit,” then it is appropriate to use ASTM D6228 to measure the major sulfur compounds. 40 C.F.R. § 60.4360. Section 60.4415 provides requirements for conducting initial and subsequent performance tests for sulfur and requires the analysis of samples for total sulfur content of gaseous fuels using ASTM D6228 or one of seven other enumerated standards. See id. § 60.4415(a)(1)(ii). These regulations do not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D6228 (1998) are incorporated by reference into law, nor do they indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D6228 (1998) are relevant for compliance with the regulations.