Page:ASTM v. PRO (D.D.C. 2022).pdf/143

 may be accomplished using approved test procedures listed” in the table of “List of Approved Inorganic Test Procedures.” 40 C.F.R. § 444.12(b)(1). That table lists ASTM D5673 as the approved inorganic test procedure required in seven specific circumstances. The regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D5673 (1996) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D5673 (1996) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 1) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 2) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is incorporated into law without limitation such that “the consequence of the incorporation by reference is virtually indistinguishable from a situation in which the standard had been expressly copied into law.” Id. at 452. Accordingly, “this factor weighs heavily in favor of fair use.” Id.
 * 3) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 4) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 5) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 6) ASTM D6216 (1998):
 * 7) *The parties identify 40 C.F.R. § 60.17 (2011) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the standard for 40 C.F.R. § 60, appendix B, Performance Specification 1. Appendix B provides that “ASTM D 6216–98 is the reference for design specifications, manufacturer’s performance specifications, and test procedures. The opacity monitor manufacturer must periodically select and test an opacity monitor, that is representative of a group of monitors produced during a specified period or lot, for conformance with the design specifications in ASTM D 6216–98. The opacity monitor manufacturer must test each opacity monitor for conformance with the manufacturer’s performance specifications in ASTM D 6216–98.” 40 C.F.R. § 60, appendix B, Performance Specifications, 2.1. Appendix B also provides several other requirements necessitating knowledge of ASTM D6216, including that “You, as owner or operator, are responsible