Page:ASTM v. PRO (D.D.C. 2022).pdf/135

 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 1) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 2) ASTM D3454 (1997):
 * 3) *The parties identify 40 C.F.R. § 136.3(a) (2010) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the “full text of the referenced test procedures” of the standard into Table IE. Table IE requires the use of ASTM D3454 as an approved method for a radiologic test procedure in particular circumstances. The regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D3454 (1997) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D3454 (1997) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 4) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 5) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is only partially incorporated into law in that the regulation specifically incorporates the “full text of the referenced test procedures,” and not the entire standard. Defendant’s wholesale reproduction is thus “harder to justify.” Id. However, the regulation does not identify which portions of the standard are relevant to that referenced test procedure.
 * 6) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 7) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 8) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 9) ASTM D3588 (1998):
 * 10) *The parties identify 40 C.F.R. § 75.6 (2010) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the standard into appendices D and F. Those appendices require the determination of “[gross caloric value] of each gaseous fuel at the frequency specified in this section” using either ASTM D3588 or another standard incorporated therein. 40 C.F.R. § 75, App. D, 2.3.4; accord § 75, App. F. These regulations do not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D3588 (1998) are incorporated by reference into law, nor do they indicate which specific provisions of ASTM 3588 (1998) are relevant for compliance