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 use.” Id.
 * 1) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of this standard are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 2) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at 30–36 (internal quotation and citation marks omitted).
 * 3) * Conclusion : Defendant may fairly reproduce this incorporated standard in its entirety.
 * 4) ASTM D3371 (1995):
 * 5) *The parties identify 40 C.F.R. § 136.3 (2014) as the incorporating by reference regulation, see Becker Decl. ¶ 57, Ex. 90; Wise Decl., Ex. 176, which incorporates the “full text of the referenced test procedures” into Table IF. 40 C.F.R. § 136.3(a). Section 136 requires that the “procedures prescribed herein shall,” with some limited exceptions, “be used to preform the measurements indicated whenever the waste constituent specified is required to be measured for” an application for a permit under section 402 or 405(f) of the Clean Water Act.” Id. § 136.1(a), (b). Table IF identifies ASTM D3371 as containing one of four approved text procedures for the pharmaceutical pollutant acetonitrile. The regulation does not specify that only certain provisions of ASTM D3371 (1995) are incorporated by reference into law, nor does it indicate which specific provisions of ASTM D3371 (1995) are relevant for compliance with the regulation.
 * 6) * First Factor : There is no indication that Defendant stands to profit from republishing this standard; Defendant’s apparent purpose is to inform the public about the law and facilitate public debate. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449; Def’s 2d Mot. at 16. Defendant’s “attempt to freely distribute standards incorporated by reference into law qualifie[s] as a use that further[s] the purposes of the fair use defense.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 449. Further, the incorporated standard provides information essential for a private entity to comprehend its legal duties, which weighs heavily in favor of permitting Defendant’s reproduction. See ASTM, 896 F.3d at 450.
 * 7) * Second Factor : The “express text of the law falls plainly outside the realm of copyright protection.” ASTM, 896 F.3d at 451. Here, the standard is only partially incorporated into law in that the regulation specifically incorporates the “full text of the referenced test procedures,” and not the entire standard. Defendant’s wholesale reproduction is thus “harder to justify.” Id. However, the regulation does not identify which portions of the standard are relevant to that referenced test procedure.
 * 8) * Third Factor : The incorporating regulation does not indicate which specific provisions of the standard are relevant for regulatory compliance, suggesting that “a greater amount of the standard’s text might be fairly reproduced.” Id.
 * 9) * Fourth Factor : Defendant’s reproductions have not had a “substantially adverse impact on the potential market for the originals,” nor have Plaintiffs shown by a preponderance of the evidence that there is a meaningful likelihood of future harm.” Memo Op. at