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 used in EVAL, when it is passed to VALUE. However, of the routines APPLY, EVCOND, and EVLIS have to know about PROCEDURES, and dutifully pass it along so that it may be eventually used by EVAL. The set of definitions must be passed along because there is no provision for free variables or side effects; there is no way to have "memory" or "state" other than in passed variables. The absence of free variables effectively causes our language to be referentially transparent. However, we sense a disturbing lack of modularity in the use of PROCEDURES (and, to a lesser extent, in the use of ENV — look at EVCOND and EVLIS). We will return to this point later.

Our recursion equations language has no special iteration or looping constructs, such as the Algol statement or the FORTRAN DO loop. All loops are constructed by arranging for recursive procedures to call themselves or each other. For example, EVCOND (see Figure 2) iterates over the clauses of a COND by calling itself on successive "tails" of the list of clauses. Now such recursive calls may strike the reader familiar with other languages (such as Algol, FORTRAN, PL/I, etc.) on an intuitive level as being rather inefficient for implementing real programs. Even granted that calls might be made fast, they would seem to consume space in the form of return addresses and other control information. Examination of the recursion equations evaluator will show, however, that this phenomenon does not have to occur. This is because no extra information is saved if there is nothing left to do on return from a recursive call. See [SCHEME] and [Debunking] for a more thorough discussion of this.