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 Lutsenko, who had recently been removed by Parliament: “And they got rid of a prosecutor who was a very tough prosecutor. They got rid of him. Now they’re trying to make it the opposite way.1045

The next day, on October 4, in remarks before he departed on Marine One, the President again said:


 * When you look at what Biden and his son did, and when you look at other peoplewhat they’ve done. And I believe there was tremendous corruption with Biden, but I think there was beyondI mean, beyond corruptionhaving to do with the 2016 campaign, and what these lowlifes did to so many people, to hurt so many people in the Trump campaignwhich was successful, despite all of the fighting us. I mean, despite all of the unfairness.1046

President Trump reiterated his willingness to solicit foreign assistance related to his personal interests: “Here’s what’s okay: If we feel there’s corruption, like I feel there was in the 2016 campaignthere was tremendous corruption against meif we feel there’s corruption, we have a right to go to a foreign country.”1047 President Trump added that asking President Xi of China to investigate the Bidens “is certainly something we can start thinking about.”1048

Consistent with the President’s remarks after this inquiry began, Ambassador Volker understood that references to fighting “corruption” in Ukraine, when used by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani, in fact referred to the two investigations into “Burisma”and former Vice President Bidenand the 2016 election interference that President Trump sought to benefit his reelection efforts.1049

Rather than combatting corruption in Ukraine, President Trump’s ongoing efforts to urge Ukraine to pursue an investigation into former Vice President Biden undermine longstanding U.S. anti-corruption policy, which encourages countries to refrain from using the criminal justice system to investigate political opponents. When it became clear that President Trump was pressuring Ukraine to investigate his political rival, career public servants charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy in a non-partisan manner, such as Lt. Col. Vindman and Ambassador Taylor, communicated to President Zelensky and his advisors that Ukraine should avoid getting embroiled in U.S. domestic politics.1050

Mr. Kent, an anti-corruption and rule of law expert, explained that U.S. anti-corruption efforts prioritize “building institutional capacity so that the Ukrainian Government has the ability to go after corruption and effectively investigate, prosecute, and judge alleged criminal activities using appropriate institutional mechanisms, that is, to create and follow the rule of law. 1051

Mr. Holmes concurred:


 * [O]ur longstanding policy is to encourage them [Ukraine] to establish and build rule of law institutions, that are capable and that are independent and that can actually pursue