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 576 APPENDIX seat on the Golden Mountain, north of Koko-Nor (in the Chinese province of Kan- suh) ; the Western ruler, who was subordinate to the great khan, resided far to the north, in the west part of the great Altai range, and his residence is Menander's Ektag, " White Mountain" (which Menander renders "Golden Mountain"). I pointed out this in the paper cited above, but was wrong in distinguishing Menander's Ektag (fr. 20) from Ektel (fr. 43), in not distinguishing Silzibulos from Dizabulos, 1 and in assuming that the Khan of Ektag was independent of the Eastern khan. See Marquart, Hist. Gloss., 188. Dizabulos was appointed khan of the Western realm by Mo-kan, and he was visited at Ektag by Zemarchos, ambassador of Justin II., in a.d. 568-9 (Menander, fr. 20 ; but John of Ephesus vi. 23, places this embassy in 572/3). Marquart identifies him with She-tie-mi, brother of Tu-men, and this is doubtless right ; for She-tie-mi, of the Chinese sources, was father of Ta-t'u-kan, who is certainly the same as Menander's Tardu, and Tardu was H/mai/xos, " brother " of Turxanthos, Dizabul's son. Marquart thinks that the same person is meant by the Istami Khagan of the Turkish inscriptions and by 2Teyuj8js-xa7ac of Theophylactus Simocatta (vii. 7, 9). Tu-men She-tie-mi (Dizabul) Tardu Turxanthos In a.d. 576 Valentine was sent on an embassy to the Turks by Justin II. At this time Tapur (a.d. 572-81) was the EaBt Turkish and supreme khan ; with him Valentine had nothing to do, his mission was to the West Turkish ruler, Dizabul. But Dizabul had just died before his arrival and was succeeded by his son Tardu (whom the Chinese regarded as the founder of the West Turkish Empire). The West Turkish Empire was divided into great provinces, and one of the western provinces was ruled by Turxanthos (perhaps a title rather than a proper name : Marquart), Tardu's brother. The headquarters or camp of Turxanth is designated by Menander (fr. 43) as rk iroe/j.iKa. ffv/xPoAa rov T. Thence he was sent to Tardu at " Ektel," i.e., Ektag in Mount Altai. The realm of the West Turks under Tardu reached southward to Kashgar, westward to the sea of Aral, and northward to the Steppes (Hirth apud Marquart, Hist. Gloss., 196). Under the khan Mo-kan or Silzibul the Turkish power in its early period seems to have been at its height. He " established a system of government which was practically bounded by Japan and Corea, China and Thibet, Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire ". It appears from Turkish inscriptions that the Turks called the Chinese Tavgas ; and it can hardly be questioned that this is the same word as Taugast, a land mentioned by Theophylactus as in the neighbourhood of India. He states that the khan was at peace with Taugast (in the reign of Maurice). Marquart has pointed out that the statements in Theophylactus vii. 7, 8-12, refer to the conquests of Tu-men and Mo-kan and are falsely transferred to the khan contemporary of Maurice. From the forms 'ApSeAoi = Hephthalites and Tavydo-T he infers that the written source of Theophylactus was Syriac. The order of the conquests is here given in a different order from that of the Chinese authorities, that of the Hephthalites being placed before that of the Avars. 18. THE AXUMITES AND HIMYARITES— (P. 411 sqq.) [A. Dillmann, Zur Geschichte des axumitischen Reiches, in Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy, 1880 ; L. Duchesne, Eglises separees, 281 sqq., 1896.] The affairs of the kingdom of the Himyarites or Homerites of Yemen (Arabia Felix) always demanded the attention of the Roman sovrans, as the Himyarites had in their hands most of the carrying trade between the Empire and India. This people carried their civilization to Abyssinia, on the other side of the Red Sea. The capital of the Abyssinian state was Axum, and hence it was known as the kingdom of the Axumites. Our first notice of this state is probably to be 1 Called Dilzibulos in fr. 43.