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 APPENDIX 573 xal oi %Ka&oi, Huns and Slavs (and his notice is copied by Theophanes, p. 233, ed. de Boor). But Agathias does not speak of Bulgarians or Slavs ; in his history Zaber- gan is the chief of the Kutrigur Huns, whom we already knew from Procopius. In the Gothic War, B. 4, o. 4, 5, 18, Procopius explains that the Kutrigurs dwell " on this side of the Maeotio Lake," the Utigurs beyond it, on the east side of the Cim- merian Bosphorus. The Don was the boundary between their territories. And both Procopius and Agathias represent Kutrigurs and Utigurs as tribes of Huns. 1 The close relation of kinship, and at the same time a clearly marked politioal distinc- tion, between the Kutrigurs, the Utigurs, and the Bulgarians of the Danube, is shown by the legends which represent (1) Kutrigur and Utigur as the sons of the same father, who divided his kingdom (Proc. B. G. iv. 5), and (2) Kotragos as a son of Kuvrat, the ancestor of the Bulgarians (Nicephorus Patriarch. Brev., p. 33, ed. de Boor ; Theophanes, p. 321, ed. de Boor), along with the notice (ib.) that the Kotragoi near Lake Maeotis are 6/u.6(pvot of the Bulgarians. It iB therefore correct to describe the Kutrigurs as Bulgarians, provided we do not identify them with the Bulgarians who afterwards occupied Moesia and founded the modern Bulgarian kingdom. These Bulgarians were distinguished as the Unogundurs (Theophanes, p. 356, ed. de Boor, Nicephorus Patr. Brev., p. 24, ed. de Boor). They settled to the north of the mouths of the Danube after the break up of Attila's Empire in a.d. 454 (cp. Marquart, Die Chronologie der alt-turkischen Inschriften, 77, 1898) and abode there between the Danube and the Dniester till they crossed the Danube in the seventh century. These are the Bulgarians who fought with Theodoric and repeatedly invaded the Balkan peninsula in the reign of Anastasius. The Kutrigurs, a branch of the same Hunnic people, lived to the east of the Dnieper, and the Utigurs, another branch, beyond the Don. Both these latter passed afterwards under the dominion of the Khazars. The previous dealings of Justinian with the Kutrigurs and Utigurs are recorded by Procopius (B. G. 4, 18, 19). He adopted the same principles of policy which were afterwards formulated into a system in the De Administratione Imperii of Constan- tine Porphyrogennetos. The danger to the Empire was from the Kutrigurs who were nearest to it ; and so Justinian cultivated friendly relations with the Utigurs who were farthest from it, gave them yearly presents, and endeavoured to stir up discord between the two peoples. In a.d. 550, a band of Kutrigurs, invoked by the Gepids against their enemies the Lombards, crossed the Danube and ravaged Imperial terri- tory. Justinian incited Sandichl, the king of the Utigurs, to invade the Kutrigur territory, where he wrought great destruction (? a.d. 551). The same policy was re- peated after the invasion of Zabergan in a.d. 559 ; and Sandichl, having captured their wives and children, met and defeated the warriors of Zabergan on their return from Thrace (see Agathias, 5, 24, 25, and Menander, fr. 3, P. H. G. iv. p. 202). In the attack upon the Kutrigurs in a.d. 551, the Utigurs were • assisted by 2000 Tetraxite Goths. This people had established their abodes on the east side of the Cim- merian Bosphorus (straits of Kertch), around the city of Phanagoria, in the peninsula of Taman, south of the Utigurs. They had originally dwelled in the Crimea, and must not be confused with the Crimean Goths (see Loewe, op. cit., infra, 22 sqq.). Originally the Crimean and the Tetraxite Goths seem to have been all one Germanic people, who occupied the greater part of the Crimea ; but probably in the fifth cen- tury the Eastern tribes crossed the straits and settled in Taman where they became known as Tetraxites. Loewe has attempted to show that these Germans were not Goths (Ostrogoths who had been left behind), but Heruls. The Tetraxite Goths were Christians, but they do not seem to have learned their Christianity from Ulfilas, for they were not Arians. Procopius says that their religion was primitive and simple. We here touch on a problem which has not been fully cleared up. In the year 547-8 they sent an embassy to Constantinople. Their bishop had died and they asked Justinian to send them a new one. At the same time the ambassadors in a private audience explained the political situation in the regions of Lake Maeotis and Bet forth the advantages which the Empire could derive 1 The form Ovrovpyovpoi used to appear in the texts of Procopius. But the best Mas. preserve the true form Ovriyovpoi (see ed. Haury, vol. ii. p. 503), which also appears in Agathias.