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 554 APPENDIX contain letters of great importance for the history of the Visigoths. Sidonius had ceased to write longer poems before a.d. 469, — that is, before he began to publish letters and before his ecclesiastical career began. It may be convenient to arrange here the most important (most of which are mentioned by Gibbon) chronologically : vii. Paneg. dictuB Avito, with 1 vi. preface and V a.d. 456, Jan. 1. viii. propempticon J v. Paneg. dictus Maioriano, with .?a enf j iv. preface J xiii. ad Maiorianum. a.d. 458 (?). xxiii. ad Consentium, between a.td. 461 and 466 (after Narbo, which the poem celebrates, had become Gothic, and before Theodoric, whom it also cele- brates, died), ii. Paneg. dictus Anthemio, with i. preface and J- a.d. 468, Jan. 1. iii. propempticon The poetical talent of Sidonius, like that of Claudian and of Merobaudes, was publicly recognized at Eome by a statue in the Forum of Trajan : inter auctores utriusque fixam bybliothecae. The authoritative edition of his works is that of C. Luetjohann (in the Mon. Germ. Hist.), 1887, to which Mommsen has contributed a short biography of the poet. Hodgkin (Italy and her Invaders, vol. ii.) has an interesting chapter on Sidonius, with some prose and verse translations from his works. The state of Noricum in the days of the last Emperors of the West is graphic- ally described in the Life of Saint Severinus by an eye-witness, Eugippius, who was with the saint in Noricum when it was at the mercy of the Rugians and their fellow-barbarians. Severinus was buried in the Lucullan Castle near Naples, by the bounty of the lady Barbaria, and a monastery was established in the same place. Eugippius became its abbot, and wrote the biography of his master in a.d. 511. [Editions by H. Sauppe, 1877, in the Mon. Germ. Hist., and by P. Knoll, in Corp. scr. ecc. Lat., 1886.] The fragment of an Italian (Ravennate) chronicle, known as Anonymus Valesii, Paet n., and recording the reigns of Odovacar and Theodoric, has been noticed already in vol. iii., Appendix 1, in connexion with the Chronica Italica. The chronicler made use of the Vita Severini of Eugippius. He writes from an Imperial point of view, speaks loyally of Zeno, and constantly describes Theodoric by the title Patricius, which keeps in mind that king's theoretical dependence on the Roman Empire. The language is full of barbarisms, and there seems very little probability in the conjeoture of Waitz that the author is no other than Bishop Maximian of Ravenna, whose portrait has been immortalised in mosaics in the Church of San Vitale. The fragment is perhaps not continuous, but a number of extracts, bearing on Odovacar and Theodoric, strung together from the original chronicle (cp. Cipolla, op. cit. infra, p. 80 sqq.). It seems likely that the anony- mous author wrote during the civil wars which followed the fall of the 06trogothic kingdom. 29 Recently a very complete 6tudy, especially of the Mss., has appeared by C. Cipolla, in the Bullettino dell' Instituto storico italiano, No. ii. (1892), p. 7-98. Cp. especially sect. iv. p. 80 sqq. [For editions see above, vol. iii. p. 517. Refer- ences to various monographs will be found in the article of Cipolla.] Ennodius, the son of Gallic parents, was born a.d. 474, in Liguria, died a.d. 521. He may have been grandson of Ennodius, proconsul of Africa under Honorius and Theodosius II. His father's name may have been Firminus. He had a secular education in the Latin classics, and was consecrated by Epiphanius of Ticinum (whose life he wrote) before a.d. 496. He went to Milan, to fill a clerical post, before a.d. 499, and from Milan most of his letters are written. The 29 Mommsen, Chron. Miu. i. 261.