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 550 APPENDIX Stephanum virum egregium duxit ad Theodoram riv e/c tov iropvdov, qua illo tempore patricia erat. [Literature : J. Eichel, 'Avf/cSora seu historia arcana Procopii. . . convicta, 1654 ; W. S. Teuffel, Procopius (in Studien und Charakteristiken, 1871) ; Rein- kene, Anecdota sintne seripta a Procopio Caesariensi inquiritur, 1858 ; H. Eck- hardt, De Anecdotis Procop. Caes., 1860; Ueber Procop und Agathias als Quellenschriftsteller fur den Gothenkrieg in Italien, 1864 ; W. Gundlach, Quaestiones Procopianae, 1861 ; F. Dahn, Prokopius von Casarea, 1865 ; A. Schulz, Procopius de Bello Vandalico, 1871 ; A. Auler, De fide Procopii Caes. in secundo bello Persico, &c, 1876 ; Ranke, Procopius von Casarea, in Weltgeschichte, iv. 2, p. 285 sqq. ; Debidour, L'imperatrice Theodore, 1885 ; Mallet, the Empress Theodora, in Eng. Hist. Review, 1887, Jan. ; Kirchner, Bemerkungen zu Prokops Darstellung der Perserkriege des Anastasius, Justin und Justinian, 1887; H. Braun, opp. citt. ; J. Haury, from studies : (1) Procopiana, Augsburg, 1891, (2) Procopiana, Munich, 1893, (3) tJber Prokophandschriften, in Sitzungsberichte of the Bavarian Academy, 1895, p. 129 sqq., (4) Zur Beurteilung des Geschichtschreibers Procopius von Casaren, Munich, 1896-7 ; J. Scheftlein, De praepositionum usu Procopiano, 1893 ; M. Bruckner, op. cit. ; B. Panchenko, op. cit. ; M. Kra6heninnikov, rukopisnom predanii Istorii Prokopiia, in Viz. Vrem. ii. p. 416 sqq. ; art. on Procopius in Krumbacher's Gesch. der byz. Litteratur (ed. 2, 1896) ; H. Leuthold, Unter- suchungen zur ostgotischen Geschichte der Jahre 535-537, 1908. Editions. The Bonn ed. by Dindorf (1833-8) is not much better than the Paris ed. by Maltretus, which Gibbon used. These texts are founded on inferior Mss. Isambert's separate ed. of the Anecdota is poor (1856). An edition of the Gothic War (based on the best Mss., and accompanied by an excellent Italian translation) by D. Comparetti has been issued in the series of Fonti per la storia d'ltalia, in 3 vols. (1895-8). The Historia Arcana was edited by M. Krasheninnikov, 1899, but he based his text on an inferior Ms. as Haury has shown. The best Ms. is Cod. Par. suppl. graec, 1185. All these editions are superseded by that of J. Haury, which is oomplete with the exception of the De Aedificiis : vol. i., Bell. Pers. and Bell. Vand. ; vol. ii., Bell. Goth., 1905 ; vol. iii. 1, Hist. Arc, 1906. Agathias of Myrina (a.d. 536-582) practised as an advocate (scholastikos) at Constantinople, and combined law with literature. In his earlier years he wrote poems and epigrams ; after the death of Justinian he devoted himself to history and continued the work of Procopius. His history " On the Reign of Justinian" embraces in five Books the years a.d. 552-558, and would have been continued if he had lived. Gibbon well characterises his work and contrasts him with Procopius (see above, p. 448), and notes'the information on Persian affairs which he derived from his friend Sergius (vol. i., c. 8). He seems in general to have depended on oral sources for his narrative ; he names most of the old writers whom he used for his digressions. [Ed. in the Bonn series by Niebuhr ; in the Hist. Grsec. Minores, vol. ii., by L. Dindorf. Compare H. Eckhardt, Agathias und Prokop als Quellenschriftsteller firr den Gothenkrieg, 1864 ; W. S. Teuffel, in Philologus, 1846, Bd. 1, 495 sqq.] The history of the advocate Agathias was continued by an imperial guardsman, Menander (protector). He had, however, the training of a jurist, as he tells us in his very interesting preface, where he describes the wild and idle life of his youth, which he reformed under the beneficent influence of the Emperor Maurice. His work covers the years a.d. 558-582 ; we possess very important fragments of it in the Constantinian excerpts de legationibus and de sententiis, and a few in Suidas. Evagrius drew from Menander (probably directly) for his fifth book. He was also used by Theophylactus Simocatta (for an excursus in Bk. iii. on the Persian wars of Justin II. and Tiberius. See below, vol. v., App. 1). [Muller, F. H. G. iv. p. 200 sqq. ; L. Dindorf, Hist. Grsec. Min. vol. ii. ; in the Excerpta Historica of Constan- tine, ed. by Boissevain etc., see above under Peter the Patrician, p. 545.] Johannes Rhetor, or Malalas (the Syriac equivalent of Rhetor), 23 of Antioch, published perhaps soon after a.d. 548 a chronicle beginning with the Creation and ending with the first months of a.d. 528 (Bks. 1-17). The work was re-edited and 23 MaAdAas, not MaXaAas.