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 528 THE DECLINE AND FALL [Chap, xliv perpetrated by secret fraud or open rapine, as the robber had been surprised in the fact or detected by a subsequent research. The Aquilian law 174 defended the living property of a citizen, his slaves and cattle, from the stroke of malice or negligence ; the highest price was allowed that could be ascribed to the domestic animal at any moment of the year preceding his death; a similar latitude of thirty days was granted on the destruction of any other valuable effects. A personal injury is blunted or sharpened by the manners of the times and the sensibility of the individual ; the pain or the disgrace of a word or blow cannot easily be appreciated by a pecuniary equivalent. The rude jurisprudence of the decemvirs had confounded all hasty insults, which did not amount to the fracture of a limb, by condemning the aggressor to the common penalty of twenty- five asses. But the same denomination of money was reduced, in three centuries, from a pound to the weight of half an ounce ; and the insolence of a wealthy Eoman indulged himself in the cheap amusement of breaking and satisfying the law of the Twelve Tables. Veratius ran through the streets striking on the face the inoffensive passengers, and his attendant purse-bearer immediately silenced their clamours by the legal tender of twenty-five pieces of copper, about the value of one shilling. 175 The equity of the praetors examined and estimated the distinct merits of each particular complaint. In the adjudication of civil damages, the magistrate assumed a right to consider the various circumstances of time and place, of age and dignity, which may aggravate the shame and sufferings of the injured person; but, if he admitted the idea of a fine, a punishment, an example, he invaded the province, though, perhaps, he sup- plied the defects, of the criminal law. iv. of The execution of the Alban dictator, who was dismembered crimes and. . . _ . _ punish- by eight horses, is represented by Livy as the first and the last instance of Eoman cruelty in the punishment of the most atrocious crimes. 176 But this act of justice, or revenge, was 174 Noodt (Opp. torn. i. p. 137-172) has composed a separate treatise, ad Legem Aquiliam (Pandect. 1. ix. tit. ii.). 175 Aulus Gellius (Noct. Attic, xx. 1) borrowed his story from the commentaries of Q. Labeo on the xii. tables. 178 The narrative of Livy (i. 28) is weighty and solemn. At tu dictis Albane maneres is an harsh reflection, unworthy of Virgil's humanity (iEneid, viii. 643). Heyne, with his usual good taste, observes that the subject was too horrid for the shield of iEneas (torn. iii. p. 229).