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 380 THE DECLINE AND FALL [Chap, xlii of Chinese silk into the Roman empire. The Persian, who preferred the navigation of Ceylon, had stopped the caravans of Bochara and Samarcand; their silk was contemptuously burnt ; some Turkish ambassadors died in Persia, with a sus- picion of poison; and the great khan permitted his faithful vassal Maniach, the prince of the Sogdoites, to propose, at the Byzantine court, a treaty of alliance against their common enemies. Their splendid apparel and rich presents, the fruit of Oriental luxury, distinguished Maniach and his colleagues from the rude savages of the north; their letters, in the Scythian character and language, announced a people who had attained the rudiments of science ; 41 they enumerated the con- quests, they offered the friendship and military aid, of the Turks ; and their sincerity was attested by direful impreca- tions (if they were guilty of falsehoods) against their own head [suzibui] and the head of Disabul their master. The Greek prince en- tertained with hospitable regard the ambassadors of a remote and powerful monarch; the sight of silk-worms and looms disappointed the hopes of the Sogdoites; the emperor re- nounced, or seemed to renounce, the fugitive Avars, but he accepted the alliance of the Turks ; and the ratification of the treaty was carried by a Roman minister to the foot of mount Altai. 42 Under the successors of Justinian, the friendship of the two nations was cultivated by frequent and cordial inter- course; the most favoured vassals were permitted to imitate the example of the great khan, and one hundred and six Turks, who, on various occasions, had visited Constantinople, departed at the same time for their native country. The duration and length of the journey from the Byzantine court to mount Altai are not specified : it might have been difficult to mark a road through the nameless deserts, the mountains, rivers, and morasses of Tartary ; but a curious account has been preserved of the reception of the Roman ambassadors at the royal camp. 41 The Russians have found characters, rude hieroglyphics, on the Irtish and Yenisei, on medals, tombs, idols, rocks, obelisks, &c. (Strahlenberg, Hist, of Siberia, p. 324, 346, 406, 429). Dr. Hyde (de Religione Veterum Persarum, p. 521, &c.) has given two alphabets of Thibet and of the Eygours. I have long harboured a sus- picion that all the Scythian, and some, perhaps much, of the Indian scienoe, was derived from the Greeks of Bactriana. [On recently discovered Turkish inscriptions, see Appendix 17.] 42 [Ektag (Menander) is probably Altai. But it was not the seat of the chief khan mentioned in the Chinese sources ; see Appendix 17.]