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 chap, xlii] OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 375 tribes ; but, when he presumed to ask in marriage the daughter of the great khan, the insolent demand of a slave and a mechanic was contemptuously rejected. 20 The disgrace was expiated by a more noble alliance with a princess of China ; and the de- cisive battle, which almost extirpated the nation of Geougen, [a.d. 554] established in Tartary the new and more powerful empire of the Turks. They reigned over the north ; but they confessed the vanity of conquest by their faithful attachment to the mountain of their fathers. The royal encampment seldom lost sight of mount Altai, from whence the river Irtish descends to water the rich pastures of the Calmucks, 30 which nourish the largest sheep and oxen in the world. The soil is fruitful, and the climate mild and temperate ; the happy reign was ignorant of earthquake and pestilence ; the emperor's throne was turned towards the east, and a golden wolf, on the top of a spear, seemed to guard the entrance of his tent. One of the succes- sors of Bertezena was tempted by the luxury and superstition of China; but his design of building cities and temples was defeated by the simple wisdom of a Barbarian counsellor. " The Turks," he said, » are not equal in number to one hundredth part of the inhabitants of China. If we balance their power and elude their armies, it is because we wander without any fixed habitations, in the exercise of war and hunt- ing. Are we strong ? we advance and conquer : are we feeble ? we retire and are concealed. Should the Turks confine them- selves within the walls of cities, the loss of a battle would be the destruction of their empire. The Bonzes preach only patience, humility, and the renunciation of the world. Such, O king ! is not the religion of heroes." They entertained with less reluctance the doctrines of Zoroaster ; but the greatest part of the nation acquiesced, without inquiry, in the opinions, or rather in the practice, of their ancestors. The honours of sacrifice were reserved for the supreme deity ; they acknow- ledged, in rude hymns, their obligations to the air, the fire, the water, and the earth ; and their priests derived some profit 29 [Tunien was the king (according to Chinese sources) who threw off the yoke of the Geougen. He reigned c. 543-552. See Parker, Eng. Hist. Eeview, 43, p. 436.] 30 The country of the Turks, now of the Calmucks, is well described in the Genealogical History, p. 521-562. The curious notes of the French translator are enlarged and digested in the second volume of the English version. [The residence of tiiese Turkish khans was not near Mount Altai ; see Appendix 17.]