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 chap, xlii] OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 365 In this view, the character of Belisarius may be deservedly placed above the heroes of the ancient republics. His imper- fections flowed from the contagion of the times; his virtues were his own, the free gift of nature or reflection ; he raised himself without a master or a rival ; and so inadequate were the arms committed to his hand that his sole advantage was derived from the pride and presumption of his adversaries. Under his command, the subjects of Justinian often deserved to be called Romans ; but the unwarlike appellation of Greeks was imposed as a term of reproach by the haughty Goths ; who affected to blush that they must dispute the kingdom of Italy with a nation of tragedians, pantomimes, and pirates. 3 The climate of Asia has indeed been found less congenial than that of Europe to military spirit ; those populous countries were enervated by luxury, despotism, and superstition ; and the monks were more expensive and more numerous than the soldiers of the East. The regular force of the empire had once amounted to six hundred and forty-five thousand men : it was reduced, in the time of Justinian, to one hundred and fifty thousand ; and this number, large as it may seem, was thinly scattered over the sea and land ; in Spain and Italy, in Africa and Egypt, on the banks of the Danube, the coast of the Euxine, and the frontiers of Persia. The citizen was exhausted, yet the soldier was unpaid ; his poverty was mischievously soothed by the privilege of rapine and indolence ; and the tardy payments were detained and intercepted by the fraud of those agents who usurp, without courage or danger, the emoluments of war. Public and private distress recruited the armies of the state; but in the field, and still more in the presence of the enemy, their numbers were always defective. The want of national spirit was supplied by the precarious faith and disorderly service of Barbarian mercenaries. Even military honour, which has often survived the loss of virtue and freedom, was almost totally extinct. The generals, who were multiplied beyond the ex- ample of former tunes, laboured only to prevent the success, or to sully the reputation, of their colleagues ; and they had been 3 rpaiKobs. . . e| Siv ra. irp6Tepa ovSeva ts IraXiav HKovra eTBov, on (jl)j rpaycuSovs, Kal vavras XwiroSvras. This last epithet of Procopius is too nobly translated by pirates ; naval thieves is the proper word : strippers of garments, either for in- jury or insult (Demosthenes contra Conon. in Eeiske Orator. Grac. torn. ii. p. 1264).