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 140 THE DECLINE AND FALL [Chap, xxxviii royal catholics of Gaul. The ample fund, which he might lawfully acquire, of the Imperial patrimony, vacant lands, and Gothic usurpations, would diminish the cruel necessity of seizure and confiscation ; and the humble provincials would more patiently acquiesce in the equal and regular distribution of their loss. 93 Domain The wealth of the Merovingian princes consisted in their aces of the extensive domain. After the conquest of Gaul, they still de- ians lighted in the rustic simplicity of their ancestors ; the cities were abandoned to solitude and decay ; and their coins, their charters, and their synods are still inscribed with the names of the villas, or rural palaces, in which they successively resided. One hundred and sixty of these palaces, a title which need not excite any unseasonable ideas of art or luxury, were scattered through the provinces of their kingdom ; and, if some might claim the honours of a fortress, the far greater part could be esteemed only in the light of profitable farms. The mansion of the long-haired kings was surrounded with convenient yards and stables for the cattle and the poultry; the garden was planted with useful vegetables ; the various trades, the labours of agriculture, and even the arts of hunting and fishing were exercised by servile hands for the emolument of the sovereign ; his magazines were filled with corn and wine, either for sale or consumption; and the whole administration was conducted by the strictest maxims of private economy. 94 This ample patrimony was appropriated to supply the hospitable plenty of Clovis and his successors, and to reward the fidelity of their brave companions, who, both in peace and war, were devoted to their personal service. Instead of an horse, or a suit of armour, each companion, according to his rank or merit or favour, was invested with a benefice, the primitive name, and 93 It is singular enough that the president de Montesquieu (Esprit des Loix, 1. xxx. c. 7) and the Abbe" de Mably (Observations, torn. i. p. 21, 22) agree in this strange supposition of arbitrary and private rapine. The count de Boulainvilliers (Etat de la France, torn. i. p. 22, 23) shews a strong understanding, through a cloud of ignorance and prejudice. 94 See the rustic edict, or rather code, of Charlemagne, which contains seventy distinct and minute regulations of that great monarch (in torn. v. p. 652-657). He requires an account of the horns and skins of the goats, allows his fish to be sold, and carefully directs that the larger villas (Capitaneae) shall maintain one hundred hens and thirty geese ; and the smaller (Mansionales) fifty hens and twelve geese. Mabillon (de Ke Diplomatica) has investigated the names, the number, and the situation of the Merovingian villas.