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 CHRONOLOG Y, BIBLICAL 73 Manila between United States troops and Filipinos, February 4. pied, March 13. Death of General Sir W. Lockhart, March 18 Death of Count von Caprivi, February 6 (born, 1831). Death of (born, 1841). Death of Commandant General Joubert, March 27. President Faure, February 15 (born, 1841). Emile Loubet elected Delagoa Bay award issued after eleven years, March 29. British French President, February 18. Russian manifesto issued limit- force caught in ambush at Sauna’s Post, March 31. Surrender ing Finnish autonomy, February 20. Death of Lord Herschell, of 600 British at Reddersburg, April 3. Queen’s visit to Dublin, March 1 (born, 1837). Agreements regarding railways and tele- April 4. Attempt on the Prince of Wales by Sipido at Brussels, graphs in Africa negotiated with the German Government by Mr April 4. Death of Ghazi Osman Pasha, April 4 (aged 68). News, Rhodes in Berlin, March 10-16. Apia shelled by British and received of a rising in Ashanti, April 9. Paris Exhibition opened, American warships, March 16. Anglo-French convention signed April 14. Death of the Duke of Argyll, April 24 (born, 1823). regarding possessions in Africa, March 21. Death of Edouard Death of M. de Munkacsy, May 1 (born, 1844). Advance from Pailleron, April 20 (born, 1834). British and Italian squadrons Bloemfontein begun, May 2. Relief of Mafeking, May 17. reviewed in Aranci Bay by King Humbert, April 22. The Hague Anxiety in Peking over the Boxer outbreak, May 20. Orange Peace Conference opened, May 18. Death of Senor Castelar, Free State annexed, May 26. Johannesburg occupied, May 31. May 25 (born, 1832). Death of Rosa Bonheur, May 25 (born, 1823). Pretoria occupied, June 5. Start of Admiral Seymour’s expedition Conference opened at Bloemfontein between Sir A. Milner and to relieve Peking Legations, June 10 ; forced to retreat, June 19 ; President Kruger, May 31. Sale announced of Spanish Pacific returned to Tientsin, June 26. Resignation of Mr Schreiner’s islands to Germany, June 2. Death of Johann Strauss, June 3 Cape Ministry, June 13; succeeded by Sir J. Gordon Sprigg. (born, 1826). Dreyfus verdict annulled by Court of Cassation and Massacre of native Christians in Peking, June 13. Taku forts, new court-martial ordered, June 3. Bloemfontein Conference captured by the allied squadrons, June 17. Baron von Ketteler, concluded without result, June 6. Provisional Government for German Minister, murdered in Peking, June 20 ; siege of the Samoa appointed, June 9. Defeat of French Ministry, June 12. Legations begun. Death of Count Muravieff, Russian Chancellor, Venezuela arbitration proceedings begun in Paris, June 15. French June 21 (born, 1845); succeeded by Count Lamsdorff. Australian Ministry formed by M. Waldeck-Rousseau, June 22. Dreyfus Commonwealth Bill received the royal assent, July 9. Earl of landed in France for retrial at Rennes, July 1. Death of Victor Hopetoun appointed Governor - General of Australian CommonCherbuliez, July 1 (born, 1829). London Government Bill passed wealth, July 13. Russians attacked by Chinese in Eastern Siberia, the Lords, July 4. Lieutenant-Colonel Klobb, of the French July 14 ; resulting operations ended in occupation of Manchuria, marines, killed in the Sudan by Captain Voulet’s troops, July 14. by Russian troops. Native city of Tientsin captured by the allies, Close of The Hague Conference, July 29. Retrial of Dreyfus July 14. Kumassi garrison relieved by Colonel Willcocks, July begun, August 7. M. Labori, counsel for Dreyfus, shot in 15. Assassination of King Humbert of Italy, July 29 (born, the back, August 14. Death of Professor Bunsen, August 16 1844). Death of the Duke of Coburg, July 30 (born, 1844). (born, 1811). Dreyfus found guilty by the Rennes court-martial, Surrender of General Prinsloo and 3000 Boers, July 30-31. West September 9 ; pardoned, September 19. Last British despatch in Australia decided to join the Commonwealth, August 2. Transvaal negotiations succeeding the Bloemfontein Conference, Death of Lord Russell of Killowen, August 10 (born, 1832). September 22. Decision of the Venezuela Arbitration Court, Relief of the Peking Legations, August 14. Mansion House October 3. Boer ultimatum, October 9 ; war begun, October 11. War Fund exceeded £1,000,000, September 3. Komati PoortBattle of Talana Hill, October 20 ; Sir W. P. Symons mortally occupied by the British, September 24. Parliament dissolved, wounded. Battle of Elandslaagte, October 21. British disaster September 25 ; the Unionists again returned, with a majority at Nicholson’s Nek, October 30. Arrival of Sir R. Buller at the of 134. Lord Roberts appointed Commander-in-Chief, September Cape, October 31. Anglo - German Samoa Convention signed, 30. Anglo - German agreement regarding China, October 16. November 14. Successful advance by Lord Methuen, driving Resignation of Prince Hohenlohe, German Chancellor, October the Boers from Belmont, November 23; Graspan, November 25 ; 17; succeeded by Count von Billow. Mr Kruger sailed for and Modder River, November 28 ; but with severe British losses. Europe, October 20. Transvaal annexed by Royal proclamation, Defeat and death of the Khalifa at Om Debrika, November 25. October 25. Death of Mr Sims Reeves, October 25 (born, 1822). Serious reverse to General Gatacre at Stormberg, December 10. Death of Professor Max Muller, October 28 (born, 1823). Defeat Lord Methuen repulsed at Magersfontein, December 11 ; General of De Wet near Bothaville, November 5. Re-election of President Wauchope killed. Sir R. Buller repulsed at Colenso, December M'Kinley, November 6. Death of Sir Arthur Sullivan, November 15 ; eleven guns lost. Lord Roberts appointed to chief command 22 (born, 1842). Arrival of Mr Kruger at Marseilles, November in South Africa, with Lord Kitchener Chief of the Staff', December 22. Dewetsdorp captured by De Wet, November 23. Command 16. New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, in South Africa handed over to Lord Kitchener, November 29. and Tasmania this year agreed on a scheme of federation. Famine Mr Kruger left Paris for Germany, December 1 ; refused an interview by the German Emperor ; proceeded to Holland. Attempted and distress in Russia. 1900. Enrolment of members of the C.I.V. corps, January 1. invasion of Cape Colony by De Wet foiled, December 2-8. Mr Boer assault on Ladysmith repulsed, January 6. Arrival of Lord Healy expelled by the Irish Nationalist party, December 11. Roberts and staff at Cape Town, January 10. Osman Digna Reverse to General Clements’s force at Nooitgedacht, December captured near Tokar, January 19. Death of John Ruskin, January 13. Invasion of Cape Colony by Boers under Kritzinger and 20 (born, 1819). Death of R. D. Blackmore, January 20 (born, Hertzog, December 16. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty ratified by the 1825). Fresh advance by General Buller repulsed after heavy United States Senate with amendments, December 20. Death of fighting at Spion Kop, January 24. Lord Roberts’s advance from Field-Marshal Count von Blumenthal, December 22 (born, 1810). Modder River begun, February 11. Relief of Kimberley by General Death of Lord Armstrong, December 27 (born, 1810). Mr Barton French, February 15. Indian Famine Mansion House Fund appointed first Premier of the Australian Commonwealth, Decemopened, February 15. Severe fighting in Natal by General Buller’s ber 30. Allies’ terms to China accepted in principle, December force, February 18-23. Surrender of Cronje and 4000 Boers at 30. Proposed Russo-Chinese agreement re Manchuria known in Paardeberg, February 27. Relief of Ladysmith, February 28. Peking, December 31. Terribly severe famine in India this(w. w. S.*) Theatre Framjais destroyed by fire, March 8. Bloemfontein occu- year. CHRONOLOG Y, 1. Old Testament. A SENSE of the importance of a fixed standard of chronology was only acquired gradually in the history of the world. Nations in a primitive state of civilization were not, and are not, conscious of the need. When the need began to be felt events were probably at first dated by the regnal years of kings; the reigns of successive kings were then arranged in order, and grouped, if necessary, in dynasties, and thus a fixed standard was gradually constructed. Particular states also not unfrequently introduced fixed eras, which obtained a more or less extensive currency, as the era of the first Olympiad (776 B.C.), of the foundation of Home (753 b.c.), and of the Seleucidse at

BIBLICAL.

Antiocli (312 b.c.), which is followed by the Jewish author of the first book of Maccabees. Some of the earliest documents which we possess are dated by the year in which some noticeable event took place, as in contracttablets of the age of Sargon of Agade (3800 b.c., or, according to other authorities, 2800 B.c.), “In the year in which Sargon conquered the land of Amurru [the Amorites] ”; or, “ In the year in which Samsu-satana [c. 2200 b.c.] made the statue of Marduk” : Is. vi. 1 (“In the year of KingUzziah’s death”), xiv. 28, xx. l,areexamples of this method of dating found even in the Old Testament. In process of time, however, the custom of dating by the regnal year of the king became general. The Babylonians and Assyrians were probably the first to construct and S. III. — io