Page:1902 Encyclopædia Britannica - Volume 27 - CHI-ELD.pdf/92

 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 66 brought together above the pendulum by means of a toothed Abth. 11, Munchen, 1862, S. 361.—Fall-Myographion aufgestellt wheel on the scape-wheel arbor. Sparking at the contact points in der Wiener Weltausstellung in der Abtheilung fur das Unteris greatly reduced by placing a couple ol lead plates in dilute richtswesen von Ungarn, Budapest, 1873.—Hensen. “Myographion mit vibratorischer Bewegung,” Arbeiten aus dem Kieler sulphuric acid as a shunt across the battery circuit. For physiological purposes.—Pick’s pendulum myograph ormuscle- physiol. Instit. 1868, S. 108.—Brucke. Sitzungsber. d. Wiener trace recorder is described in Vierteljahrschr. der Naturforsch. Ges. Acad. LXXY. 3. Abth., Sep. Abdr. 1877.—Pflueger. “Myograin Zurich, 1862, s. 307, and in Text-book of Physiology, M. Foster, phion ohne Bewegung,” Untersuchungen iiber die Physiologic des pp. 42, 45. It was used to obtain a record of the contraction of Electrotonas. S. 106, Berlin, 1859. — Fouillet. Compt. Rend. a muscle when stimulated. In many respects the instrument is xix. p. 1384. 1844.—Ludwig. “ Kynographion.”—Pflueger. similar to the electro-ballistic chronograph of Navez. _ A long “Cylinder governed by conical pendulum,” Phys. der Menschen, pendulum, consisting of a braced metal frame, carries at its lower Munk.—Young, Thos. “Early form of cylinder chronograph,” end a sheet of smoked glass. The pendulum swings about an Life in Motion, M‘Kendrick, p. 55. (ii.) Chronographs used in axis supported by a wall bracket. Previous to an experiment, gun work and for other purposes:—Sabine. Phil. Mag. 1876. the pendulum is held on one side of its lowest position by a spring —Schultz. Moisson, ed. Tanera. Paris. —Paul la Cour. La catch ; when this is depressed it is free to swing. At the end of Roue Phonique. Copenhagen, 1878.—Mach. Collected papers its swing it engages with another spring catch. In front of the on chronographs, Nature, vol. xlvii. p. 250.—Boys. “ Bullets moving glass plate a tuning-fork is fixed, also a lever actuated by photographed in flight,” B. A. meeting, Edinburgh, 1892 ; rethe muscle to be electrically stimulated. When the pendulum ported in Nature, vol. xlvii. p. 415. —Pneumatic Tube Co., swings through its arc, it knocks over the contact key in the Paris. “Chronograph,” Nature, vol. viii. p. 106.^—Foster. primary circuit of an induction coil, the secondary of which is in Nature, vol. xiii. p. 139.—Holden. Nature, vol. xxvi. p. 368.— connexion with the muscle. The smoked plate receives the traces D’Arsonval. La Lumiere Electrique. 1887.—Dunn. “The of the style of the tuning-fork and of the lever attached to the Photo-Retardograph,” Journal U.S. Artillery, vol. vii. p. 29.— muscle, and also the trace of an electiomagnetic signal which Deprez. ‘‘ Accelerographe, ” La Methode graphique, Marey, p. 1/4. marks the instant at which the primary circuit is broken. After Paris, 1878.—Siemens (Werner). “Electric spark chronograph,” (f. J. J.-S.) the traces are made, they are ruled through with radial lines, Annalen der Phys., Poggendorff, 66. 1845. cutting the three traces, and the time intervals between different parts of the muscle curve are measured in terms of the period of Cforora©!©gleaH Table-—The following table vibration of the tuning-fork, as in other chronographs in which of the leading events in every country in the world has the tuning-fork is employed. In the spring myograph of Du Bois Reymond (Munk’s Physiologic been prepared in continuation of the table published in der Menschen, p. 398) a smoked glass plate attached to a metal rod the ninth edition of this work, which brought down the is shot by a spiral spring along two guides with a velocity which record to the close of 1875. It must always be diffiis not uniform. The traces of a style moved by the muscle under cult to determine what events should or should not appear examination, and of a tuning-fork, are recorded on the glass plate, the shooter during its traverse knocking over one or more electric in such a chronicle, but in this brief abstract the aim has keys, which break the primary circuit of an induction coil, the been to include rather than to exclude, with a view to induced current stimulating the muscle. making the table a really useful aide-memoire:— In the photo-electric chronograph devised by Mr G. J. Burch 1876. Chapter of Knights of the Star of India held by the [Journal of Physiology, vol. xviii. p. 125 ; Electrician, vol. xxxvii. p. 436) the rapid movements of the column of mercury in a Prince of Wales in Calcutta, January 1. Death of Francis Deak, capillary electrometer used in physiological research are recorded January 28. Administrative reform Note presented to Turkey by on a sensitive plate moving at a uniform angular velocity. The the Great Powers, January 31. Perak River insurgents defeated trace of the vibrating prongs of a tuning-fork of known period is by the British, February 4. Prince Bismarck’s reply to the charge also recorded on the plate, the light used being that of the electric of warlike designs, February 10. Purchase of Suez Canal shares arc. The images of the meniscus of the mercury column and of voted by the House of Commons, February 21. Don Carlos retires the moving fork are focussed on the plate by a lens. Excellent from Spain, February 27. Incorporation of Khokand in the Russian Empire, March 13. Royal Titles Bill passed by the House results have been obtained with this instrument. An important development of a branch of chronography is due of Commons, March 23. Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition to Marey [Comptes llendus, 7 Aout 1882, and Le Mouvement, par opened, May 10. British fleet arrives in Besika Bay, May 26. E. S. Marey, Paris, 1894), who employed a photographic plate for Turkish massacres in Bulgaria, May. Deposition of Sultan receiving successive pictures of moving objects, at definite times, Abdul Aziz, May 30. First railway opened in China, June 3. when investigating the movements of animals, birds, fishes, Death of Lord Sandhurst, June 23 (born, 1819). Slaughter of insects, and also microscopic objects such as vorticellse. The United States troops by Sioux Indians, June 25. Death of Miss instrument in one of its forms consisted of a camera and lens. Harriet Martineau, June 27 (born, 1802). Servia and Montenegro In front of the sensitive plate and close to it a disc, pierced with declare war against Turkey, July 2. Mr Disraeli created Earl of radial slits, revolved at a given angular velocity, and each time a Beaconsfield, August 16. Deposition of Sultan Murad V., August slit passed by the plate was exposed. But since, in the time of 31. Sir T. Wade’s treaty with China ratified, September 17. passage of the space between the slits, the object had moved by a General Tchernaieff proclaims Prince Milan King of Servia, certain amount across the field of view, a fresh impression was September 20. Mr Goschen’s financial mission to Egypt, October produced at each exposure. The object, well illuminated by sun- 14. Spanish army under General Martinez Campos sent to Cuba light, moved in front of a black background. Since the angular to suppress the insurrection, October 15. Capture of Alexinatz by velocity of the disc was known, and the number of slits, the time the Turks : Russian demand for an armistice between Turkey and Servia, October 31. Speech by Lord Beaconsfield on the Turkish between the successive positions of the object was also known. Marey [La Mithode graphique, pp. 133, 142, 456), by means of question, November 9. Porfirio Diaz, having defeated the Governpneumatic signals and a rotating cylinder covered with smoked ment troops, becomes Provisional President of Mexico, November glazed paper, measured the time of the movements of the limbs of 20. Death of the Duke of Saldanha, November 21 (born about animals. The instrument consists of a recording cylinder rotated 1790). Mr Hayes elected President of the United States, at a uniform angular velocity by clockwork controlled by a fan December 6. Meeting in Constantinople^ of the Plenary Con-1 _ governor, and pneumatic signal, constructed thus. One end of ference on Turkish affairs, December 24. 1877. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi, a closed shallow cylinder, about 4 cm. dia., is furnished with a stretched rubber membrane. A light lever, moving about an axis January 1. Turkish issue of £7,000,000 paper money, January 5. near the edge of the cylinder, is attached to the centre of the National Defence Society formed in Athens, January 7. German membrane by a short rod, its free end moving as the membrane general election : majority for National Liberal party, January 10. is distended. The cylinder is connected by a flexible tube with Continued famine in India announced, January 12. The Porte a similar cylinder and membrane, but without a lever, which is declines the administrative reform proposals of the Powers, January attached to that part of the body of the animal the movement of 20. Anti-clerical Bill passed by the Italian Chamber of Deputies, which is under investigation. The system is full of air, so that January 24. Banishment of Midhat Pasha, Grand Vizier of when the membrane attached to the animal is compressed, the Turkey, February 5. Death of Sir W. Fergusson, February 10 membrane which moves the lever is distended and the lever (born, 1808). Col. Gordon appointed Governor of the Sudan, moved. Its end, which carries a scribing point, marks the February 12. Death of Gen. Changarnier, February 14 (born, smoked paper on the rotating cylinder. The pneumatic signal is 1793). Gen. Porfirio Diaz elected President of Mexico, February 18. Defeat of Japanese rebels near Kagosima, February 23. Death called by Marey “ tambour a levier.” References to Chronographic Methods—(i.) Chronographs of Sir Jung Bahadur of Nepal, February 25. Peace treaty between and Servia, March 1. Papal allocution on restriction of used in Physiology:—Helmholtz. Verhandlungenderphysikalisch- Turkey medicinischen Gesellschaft in JFurtzburg. N. F. 18/2, Bd. II. S. liberty, March 12. Protocol signed by the Great Powers regarding 147, Harless. “Das Atwood’sche Myographion,” Abhandlungen the Eastern question, March 31. Arrival of Sir Bartle Frere at der k. Baycrischen Akadcmie der Wissenschaften. II. Cl. Bd. IX. Cape Town as High Commissioner, March 31. Annexation of