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 ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. VOLUME XXVII (CHICAGO—ELDUAYEN). PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. PREFATORY ESSAY: THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN RESEARCH ON THE SCOPE OF WORLD-HISTORY. HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D., B.Sc. CHICAGO. HARRY PRATT JUDSON, LL.D., Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago. CHILDREN, CRUELTY TO. W. F. CRAIES, Editor of “ Statutes Relating to Criminal Law,” &c. CHILE. The Hon. W. W. ROCKHILL, Head of the Bureau of American Republics, Washington, and C. E. AKERS ; Civil War, Sir GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Governor of Victoria. CHINA. GEORGE JAMIESON, C.M.G., and V. CHIROL, Foreign Editor of “The Times”; China-Japan War, Sir GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE. CHOLERA. ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.D. CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The Right Rev. W. BOYD CARPENTER, D.D., D.C.L., Lord Bishop of Ripon. CHRONOGRAPH. The Rev. F. J. JERVIS-SMITH, F.R.S., Lecturer in Mechanics, Oxford University. CHRONOLOGY, BIBLICAL. Old Testament, S. R. DRIVER, D.D., Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford University ; New Testament, C. H. TURNER, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. CHURCH, DEAN. A. C. BENSON, Author of “ Life of Archbishop Benson,” &e. CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH. SIDNEY J. Low. CIVIL SERVICE. Great Britain, SIR JOHN SCOTT, K.C.M.G., D.C.L. ; United States, Hon. JOHN R. PROCTER, President U.S. Civil Service Commission. CLANVOWE. EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D. CLARKE, J. F. REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D. CLEMENT, EPISTLE OF. The Rev. J. ARMITAGE ROBINSON, Ph.D., D.D., Canon of Westminster. COAL. H. BAUERMAN, F.G.S., Lecturer in Metallurgy, Ordnance College, Woolwich. COALING STATIONS. Sir GEORGE SYDENHAM CLARKE, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Governor of Victoria. COCHIN CHINA. M. DE LANESSAN, formerly Governor-General of French Indo-China. COCKBURN. E. A. ARMSTRONG, Barrister-at-Law. CODEX BEZÆ. J. RENDEL HARRIS, Litt.D., LL.D., Lecturer in Palæography, Cambridge University. CŒLENTERA. G. HERBERT FOWLER, Ph.D. COLERIDGE, LORD. Sir MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT DUFF, G.C.S.I., F.R.S. COLOMBIA. The Hon. W. W. ROCKHILL, Head of the Bureau of American Republics, Washington, and C. E. AKERS.

COLORADO. WILLIAM F. SLOCUM, LL.D., President of Colorado College. COLOURS OF ANIMALS. E. B. POULTON, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford University; Chemistry of, C. A. MCMUNN, M.D., F.C.S. COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS. Major P. A. MACMAHON,

SC.D., F.R.S.

COMETS. EDWARD S. HOLDEN, SC.D., LL.D., formerly Director of the Lick Observatory. COMMERCIAL TREATIES. Sir C. M. KENNEDY, K.C.M.G., C.B., formerly Head of Commercial Department, Foreign Office. COMMONS. Sir ROBERT HUNTER, Solicitor to the Post Office, Author of “The Preservation of Open Spaces.”

COMPANIES. E. MANSON, Author of “ Practical Guide to Company Law,” &c. COMPASS. Captain ETTRICK W. CREAK, R.N., F.R.S. COMPENSATION. A. WOOD RENTON, Puisne Judge of Mauritius. CONDENSATION OF GASES. J. D. VAN DER WAALS, Professor of Physics, Amsterdam University. CONDUCTION OF HEAT. H. L. CALLENDAR, F.R.S., Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. CONFESSION, CONFIRMATION. The Rev. W. 0. BURROWS, M.A., formerly Principal of Leeds Clergy School. CONFIRMATION OF BISHOPS. The Rev. W. E. COLLINS, M.A., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, King’s College, London. CONGO FREE STATE. J. SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, London. CONGO RIVER. E. HEAWOOD, M.A., Librarian of the Royal Geographical Society. CONGREGATIONALISM. The Rev. GEORGE PARK FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Yale University; and the Rev. W. E. COLLINS, M.A. CONNECTICUT. CHARLES HOPKINS CLARK, Editor of the “ Hartford Courant,” Hartford, Conn. CONSTANTINOPLE. E. WHITAKER, Editor of the “Constantinople Messenger”; Archæology, A. VAN MILLINGEN, Author of “Byzantine Constantinople.” CONTRACT. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, LL.D., Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence, Oxford University. CONVEYANCING. S. WADSWORTH, M.A., Barrister-at. -Law. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES. ANEURIN WILLIAMS. COPENHAGEN. C. A. GOSCH, Attaché to the Danish Legation in Great Britain. COPPER. JAMES DOUGLAS, LL.D., Past President Amer. Inst. M.E. COPTIC CHURCH. A. J. BUTLER, M.A., Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. COPYRIGHT. British, T. E. SCRUTTON, K.C.; United States, GEORGE HAVEN PUTNAM, Litt. D., Author of the “Question of Copyright”; Artistic, EDWARD BALE, R.I. CORINTH. Professor RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, Director American School of Classical Studies, Athens. COROT. D. CROAL THOMSON, Editor of “The Art Journal.” CORSICA. PAUL LOUIS. COSSACKS. Prince KROPOTKIN. COTTON PRINTING. LEWIS F. DAY, Examiner for Art, Board of Education. CREATIANISM. The Rev. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A., Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, King’s College, London. CREEDS. The Rev. A. E. BURN, Author of “ The Athanasian Creed,” &c. CREIGHTON. The Rev. W. E. COLLINS, M.A. CREMATION. Sir HENRY THOMPSON, Bart., F.R.C.S., President of the Cremation Society. CRICKET. HOME SETON C. M. GORDON.