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CHRISTIANSAND — CHRISTISON underneath the fortress of Akershus. These works are on 14th November 1879, in the throne-room of the intended to be the first in a general rearrangement of the Imperial palace, the archduchess solemnly abdicated all entire harbour of the city. Population (1885), 128,301, her rights of succession in Austria, in accordance with the counting in the suburbs; (1891), 151,239; (1898), 203,337, law obliging all princesses of the Imperial house to do so of whom 93,695 males, 109,642 females; (1900), 225,686. when they wed a foreign prince. On 17 th November the archduchess and her mother, with a numerous suite, Christia.nsa.ndly a fortified seaport town of started for Spain, arriving at the royal castle of El Pardo, Norway, on the S. coast. It is an important port of call for near Madrid, on 24th November. The wedding took the Baltic steamboats, and a fishing centre. It was burnt place in the Atocha cathedral, on 29th November, in great down in 1892, and subsequently rebuilt of brick. It ex- state, and was followed by splendid festivities. Queen ports timber (nearly 3 million cubic feet annually), wood- Christina bore her husband two daughters, before he died pulp, paper, fish, and felspar. The total trade is under in 1885—Dona Mercedes, born 11th September 1880, and half a million sterling. Christiansand owns about 100 Dona Maria Theresa, born 12th November 1882. During vessels of 52,000 tons. An impetus was given to the her husband’s lifetime the young queen kept studiously trade and tourist traffic by the opening of the Ssetersdal apart from politics, so much so that her inexperience railway, tapping the interior, in 1895-96. Sawmills, caused much anxiety in November 1885, when she was wood-pulp factories, shipbuilding yards, and mechanical called upon to take the arduous duties of regent. During workshops are the principal industrial works. The the long minority of the posthumous son of Alfonso XII., cathedral was rebuilt after a fire in 1880. Population the present King Alfonso XIII., the Austrian Queen-Regent (1875), 11,766; (1900), 14,007. acted in a way that obliged even the adversaries of the Christia.nsta.dy a fortified town of Sweden, on a throne and the dynasty to respect the mother and the peninsula which juts out into Lake Sjovik, an expansion woman. The people of Spain, and the ever-restless civil of the river Helge, 10 miles from the Baltic and 66 miles E. and military politicians, found that the gloved hand of from Helsingborg by rail. It is the headquarters of several their constitutional ruler was that of a strong-minded and railway companies, and has flour mills, engineering works, tenacious regent, who often asserted herself in a way that distilleries, a weaving mill, sugar factory, &c., and exports surprised them much, but always, somehow, commanded granite and wood-pulp, and imports coal (40,000 to 70,000 obedience and respect. More could not be expected by a tons), and wheat and rye. In 1896-97 its harbour at foreign ruler from a nation little prone to waste attachAhus (pop. 1547) was enlarged and deepened to admit ment or demonstrative loyalty upon anybody not Castilian vessels drawing 18 ft., and a new entrance channel made. born and bred. In 1899 it was entered by 530 vessels of 100,150 tons. A Christinehamn, or KristinesAMN, a town of the new town hall was built in 1889. Population (1880), province of Vermland, Sweden, near the N.E. corner of Lake 9203; (1900), 10,318. Wener, 25 miles by rail E. by S. from Carlstad. It has Christiansundy a seaport town of Norway, co. ironworks, a tobacco factory, &c., and large fairs are held Romsdal, 83 miles W.S.W. from Trondhjem. It exports every April and October. A part of the town was burnt cod-fish, herrings, cod-liver oil, fish manure, &c., to the down in 1893. Population (1880), 5039 ; (1900), 6775. annual value of £350,000 to £550,000, and imports salt, Christison, Sir Robert, Bart. (1797-1882), coal, and colonial wares to about £55,000. Since 1894 Scottish toxicologist and physician, was born in Edinburgh butter has been exported to Great Britain. In 1892 an on 18th July 1797. After graduating at the university outlook tower was erected to commemorate the 150th of that city in 1819, he spent a short time in London, anniversary of the founding of the town. Population studying under Abernethy and Lawrence, and in Paris, (1875), 8251 ; (1898), 11,68 where he learnt analytical chemistry from Robiquet and Christina, Maria Christina Henrietta heard lectures by Orfila, the famous toxicologist. In D6sir6e Felicite Reni&re, Queen-Regent of 1822 he returned to Edinburgh as professor of Medical Spain (1858 ), widow of Alfonso XII. and mother of Jurisprudence, and set to work to organize the study of Alfonso XIII., was born at Gross Seelowitz, in Austria, on his subject on a sound basis. On poisons in particular 21st July 1858, being the daughter of the Archduke Charles he speedily became a high authority; his well-known Ferdinand and the Archduchess Elizabeth of Austria. She book on them was published in 1829, and in the course was brought up by her mother as a rigid Catholic, and of his inquiries he did not hesitate to try such daring great care was taken with her education. At eighteen she experiments on himself as taking large doses of Calabar was appointed, by the Emperor Francis Joseph, abbess of bean. His attainments in medical jurisprudence and the House of Noble Ladies of Saint Theresa in Prague, toxicology procured him the appointment, in 1829, of where she made herself very popular and distinguished medical officer to the Crown in Scotland, and from that herself by her intellectual parts. It is said that at the time till 1866 he was called as a witness in many celebrated Court of Vienna the archduchess saw the young Prince criminal cases. In 1832 he gave up the chair of Medical Alfonso of Spain when he was only a pretender in exile, Jurisprudence and accepted that of Medicine and Therabefore the restoration of the Bourbons. A few years later, peutics, which he held till 1877; at the same time he when Alfonso XII. had lost his first wife and cousin, became professor of Clinical Medicine, and continued in Queen Mercedes, daughter of the due de Montpensier, that capacity till 1855. His fame as a toxicologist and his ministers, especially Senor Canovas, urged him to medical jurist, together with his work on the pathology marry again. He told them that if he did so it would of the kidneys and of fevers, secured him a large private only be with the young Austrian Archduchess Maria practice, and he succeeded to a fair share of the honours Christina. After some negotiations between the two that commonly attend the successful physician, being Courts and Governments, it was agreed that the Arch- appointed physician to Queen Victoria in 1848 and reduchess Elizabeth and her daughter should meet Alfonso ceiving a baronetcy in 1871. Among the books which XII. at Arcachon, in the south of France, where a few he published were a treatise on Granular Degeneration of days’ personal acquaintance was sufficient to make both the Kidneys (1839), and a Commentary on the Pharmacome to a decision. The duke of Bailen went officially to copoeias of Great Britain (1842). Sir Robert Christison, Vienna to get the emperor of Austria’s authorization, and who retained remarkable physical vigour and activity