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 ELBERFELD- -ELDUAYEN in the Elbe Navigation Acts, came into force in 1822. By this a woollen goods, the raw material being imported chiefly definite number of tolls, at fixed rates, was substituted for the from Argentina (average about 4700 tons). Elbeuf is often arbitrary tolls which had been exacted previously. Still also an important entrepot for German wools. There is a further relief was afforded in 1844 and in 1850, on the latter state school of manufactures for the training of practical occasion by the abolition of all tolls between Melnik and the Saxon managers and foremen. Port traffic on the Seine (1898), frontier. But the number of tolls was only reduced to one, levied at Wittenberge, in 1863, about one year after Hanover was induced 58,663 tons. Population (1901), 19,050. to ^ive up the Stade or Brunsbiittel toll in return for a compensaElbingf, a town of Prussia, province of West Prussia, tion of 2,857,340 thalers. Finally, in 1870, 1,000,000 thalers were paid to Mecklenburg and 85,000 thalers to Anhalt, who thereupon 49 miles east-south-cast from Danzig by rail and 5 miles abandoned all claims to levy tolls upon the Elbe shipping, and from the Frisches Haff. The town-hall (1894) contains thus navigation on the river became at last entirely free. The Elbe cannot rival the Rhine in the picturesqueness of the the historical museum. The Marienkirche (15th and 16th scenery it travels through, nor in the glamour which its romantic centuries) was restored in 1887. There is a monument of and legendary associations exercise over the imagination. war of 1870-71 (1887). Elbing is a place of rapidly History. But p0ssesses much to charm the eye in the deep the growing industry, the principal branches being iron shipglens of the Riesengebirge, amid which its sources spring, and in building (one firm alone employing more than 3000 hands the bizarre rock-carving of the Saxon Switzerland. And it has been indirectly or directly associated with many stirring events in and doing work for the Imperial navy) and other iron the history of the German peoples. In its lower course, whatever industries, and cigar manufacture. There is a large trade is worthy of record clusters round the historical vicissitudes of in agricultural produce. Population (1900), 52,298. Hamburg—its early prominence as a missionary centre (Ansgar) and as a bulwark against Slav and marauding Northman, its Elbing-Oberland Canal, in the Prussian commercial prosperity as a leading member of the Hanseatic provinces of East and West Prussia, connecting Lake League, and its sufferings during the Napoleonic wars, especially at the hands of the ruthless Davout. The bridge over the river at Drausen, and consequently the port of Elbing, with Lakes Dessau recalls the hot assaults of that ill-favoured condotticre Ernst Geserich and Drewenz to the south—total distance, 110 von Mansfeld in April 1626, and his repulse by the crafty general- miles. The width is 52-| feet, the depth 4| feet; and ship of Wallenstein. But three years later this imperious leader the canal, which was made in 1845-60, cost £225,000. was checked by the heroic resistance of the “Maiden” fortress of Magdeburg; though two years later still she lost her reputation, It consists of four inclined planes connected by three and suffered unspeakable horrors at the hands of Tilly’s lawless stretches of canal and shut off by five sluices, the altitude and unlicensed soldatesca. Miihlberg, just outside the Saxon of the two lakes and their feeders being 338 feet above frontier, is the place where Charles V. asserted his imperial sea-level, and the altitude of Lake Drausen only 5| feet. authority over the Protestant elector of Saxony, John Frederick, the Magnanimous or Unfortunate, in 1547. Dresden, Aussig, and Boats are drawn up the inclined planes on waggons, which Leitmeritz are all reminiscent of the fierce battles of the Hussite are hauled up by machinery. wars, and the last-named of the Thirty Years’ War. But the Elche, a town and railway station of Spain, in the chief historical associations of the upper (i.e., the Saxon and Bohemian) Elbe are those which belong to the Seven Years’ War province of Alicante, on the river Yinalapo. It has and the struggle of the great Frederick of Prussia against the grown in importance, and there are now more than a power of Austria and her allies. At Pirna (and Lilienstein) in 1756, million palm trees in the district, and 22,500 tons of dates he caught the entire Saxon army in his fowler’s net, after driving back at Lobositz the Austrian forces which were hastening to their are exported every year. Manufactures of oil, flour, soap, assistance ; but only nine months later he lost his reputation for leather, alcohol, and esparto - grass rugs are prosperous “invincibility” by his crushing defeat at Kolin, where the great industries. Population (1887), 23,847 ; (1897), 28,030. highway from Vienna to Dresden crosses the Elbe. Not many miles distant, higher up the stream, another decisive battle was Elduayen, Jos6 de, 1st Marquis del Pazo de fought between the same national antagonists, but with a contrary LA Merced (1823-1898), Spanish politician, was born in result, on the memorable 3rd July 1866. See M. Buchheister, “ Die Elbe u. der Hafen von Hamburg,” Madrid, 22nd June 1823. He was educated in the capital, in Mitteil. d. Geog. Gescllsch. in Hamburg (1899), vol. xv. pp. 131- took the degree of civil engineer, and as such directed im188; V. Kurs, “Die kiinstlichen Wasserstrassen des deutschen portant works in Asturias and Galicia, entered the Cortes Reichs,” in Geog. Zeitschrift (1898), pp. 601-617 ; and (the official) in 1856 as deputy for Vigo, and sat in all the parliaments Der Elbstrom {1200). (j. T. Be.) until 1867 as member of the Union Liberal with Marshal Elberfeld, a town of Prussia, in the Rhine province, O’Donnell. He attacked the Miraflores cabinet in 1864, on the river Wupper, 15 miles by rail east from Dussel- and became under-secretary of the Home Office when dorf. Since 1874 several new and handsome quarters have Canovas was minister in 1865. He was made a councillor been built to the south and west of the older part of the of state in 1866, and in 1868 assisted other _ members of town. A new town-hall was erected in 1899-1900. The the Union Liberal in preparing the revolution. In the more recent buildings include the Roman Catholic church Cortes of 1872 he took much part in financial debates. of St Suitbert’s, the Reformed church in the cemetery, the He accepted office as a member of the last Sagasta cabinet royal engineering school, a hospital; and there are monu- under King Amadeus. On the proclamation of the republic ments to Moltke, Bismarck (1897), and the Emperors Elduayen very earnestly co-operated in the Alphonsist conWilliam I. and Frederick III. There are, further, zoo- spiracy, and endeavoured to induce the military and polilogical gardens, and deaf and dumb and lunatic asylums. ticians to work together. He went abroad to meet and A railway 9 miles in length, with 20 stations, on the accompany the prince after pronunciamiento of Marshal Langen mono-rail system, suspended on the river Wupper Campos, landed with him at Valencia, was made governor from Elberfeld to Barmen, has recently been opened. The of Madrid, a marquis, grand cross of Charles ILL, and industries are on a scale of great magnitude; various iron Minister for the Colonies in 1878. He accepted the portand steel industries, paper, musical instruments, tobacco, folio of Foreign Affairs in the Canovas cabinet from 1883 and carpet manufacture, and brewing are important. to 1885, and was made a life senator. He always prided Population (1885), 109,218; (1900), 156,503. himself on having been one of the five members of the Elbeuf, a town in the arrondissement of Rouen, de- Cortes of 1870 who voted for Alphonso XII. when that partment of Seine Inferieure, France, 14 miles south-south- parliament elected Amadeus of Savoy. He died at Madrid, west of Rouen by rail. There is a large manufacture of 24th June 1898. 744

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