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CHORLEY—OH RISTIAN

•conclusively proved at Grimsby that cholera can be spread by sewage-fed shell-fish. Several of the local outbreaks in England were traced to the ingestion of oysters obtained from the Grimsby beds. In short, it may be said that all insanitary conditions favour the prevalence of cholera in .some degree. Preventive inoculation with an attenuated virus was introduced by M. Haffkine, and has been •extensively used in India, with considerable appearance of success so far as the statistical evidence goes. As already remarked, the latest manifestations of cholera show that it has lost none of its former virulence and fatality. about as which Treatment, joking need be The said, symptoms, are now regarded the •effects of the toxic action of the poison formed by the micro-organisms upon the tissues and especially upon the nervous system. But this theory has not led to any effective treatment. Drugs in great variety were tried in the Continental hospitals in 1892, but without any distinct success. The old controversy between the aperient and the astringent treatment reappeared. In Russia the former, which aims at evacuating the poison, was more generally adopted; in Germany the latter, which tries to conserve strength by stopping the flux, found more favour. Two methods of treatment were invariably found to give great relief, if not to prolong life and promote recovery— the hot bath and the injection of salted water into the veins or the subcutaneous tissue. These two should always be tried in the cold and collapsed stages of cholera. Cholera Nostras.—The word nostras, which is good Latin, and used by Cicero, means “belonging to our •country.” It is applied to the original form of cholera, known from time immemorial, in order to distinguish it from the Asiatic variety, which was unknown until the 19th century. The relations between the two are very obscure. Clinically they may exactly resemble each other, and bacteriology has not been able to draw an absolute line between them. The real difference is epidemiological. Cholera—that is, cholera nostras—was described by Sydenham two centuries ago as sometimes epidemic, but only the Asiatic variety has been known to behave as a destructive pestilence; by cholera nostras is generally meant a disease which may be violent in individual cases, but possesses no epidemic significance. See Local Government Board Reports, 1892-93-94-95.—Clemow. The Cholera Epidemic of 1892 in the Russian Empire.—Wall. “Asiatic Cholera.”—Hotter. ' Epidemiological Society's Transactions, vol. xvii. (A. Sl.) Choi”ley, municipal borough, parish, and market town, England, in the Chorley division of Lancashire, 22 miles N.W. from Manchester by rail. Recent public buildings include St George’s church institute and a ■cottage hospital and public dispensary. There is a public free library. Cotton-spinning and the manufacture of cotton and muslin are extensively carried on, and there are also iron and brass foundries and boiler factories. Area of municipal borough, 3614 acres. Population (1881), 19,478; (1891), 23,087 ; (1901), 26,850. Chbrum, ancient Euchaita, altitude 2300 feet, a town of Asia Minor, in the Yuzgat sanjak of the Angora vilayet, situated at the edge of a wide plain. Euchaita was attacked by the Huns a.d. 508, and became a centre of religious enthusiasm. Population, 12,500, including a few Christians. Chota. (or Chutia) Nagpur, a division of British India in Bengal, consisting of five British districts and nine tributary states. It is a hilly, forest-clad plateau, inhabited mostly by aboriginal races, between the basins of the Sone, the Ganges, and the Mahanadi. The five British districts are Hazaribagh, Lohardaga, Palamau, Manbhum,

IX.

and Singhbhum. The total area is 26,966 square miles, and in 1891 the population was 4,628,792, giving an average density of 172 persons per square mile, compared with 471 for Bengal generally. Christian missions have been specially active in this tract. In 1891 the number of native converts was 88,897, mostly in Lohardaga, being more than half the total for all Bengal. In 1896-97 five missions maintained 203 schools, attended by 5063 boys and 1208 girls. The nine tributary states of Chota Nagpur are Sirguja, Gangpur, Udaipur, Jashpur, Bonai, Korea, Changbhakar, Kharsawan, and Seraikella. The two last are tiny areas within the British district of Singhbhum, on the line of the Bengal-Nagpur railway. The others stretch over a large tract of hills separating Bengal from the Central Provinces. The total area comprises 16,054 square miles. The population in 1891 was 883,359, giving an average density of 55 persons per square mile, ranging from 238 in Kharsawan to 20 in Changbhakar. In 1901 the total population was 982,439, showing an increase of 11 per cent. The total gross revenue of the chiefs is estimated at Rs.2,40,000; the number of schools is 79, with 1626 pupils. The Bengal-Nagpur railway touches on Udaipur, and runs through a considerable part of Gangpur. In this last state there were serious disturbances in 1896, but the administration is improving under closer British supervision. Christadelphians (Xpio-Tov dSeA^oi), a community founded by John Thomas (1848), who studied medicine in London and then migrated to America. There he at first joined the “ Campbellites,” but afterwards struck out independently, preaching largely upon the application of Hebrew prophecy and of the language of the Apocalypse to current and future political events. In America and in Great Britain he gathered a number of adherents, and formed a community which is said to have extended to most Englishspeaking countries. It consists of exclusive “Ecclesias,” with neither ministry nor organization. The members meet on Sundays to “break bread” and discuss the Bible. Their theology is strongly millenarian, centring in the hope of a world-wide theocracy, with its seat at Jerusalem. They believe that they alone have the true exegesis of Scripture, and that the “ faith of Christendom ” is “ compounded of the fables predicted by Paul.” No statistics are published. See Roberts. Dr Thomas: His Life and Work, and A Declaration of the Truth, &c. Birmingham. Christchurch, town in Selwyn county, New Zealand, next to Dunedin the most populous town in South Island. Its manufactures are of importance, though its position is still due mainly to the large agricultural district round it. Its cathedral church, museum, public library, public gardens, agricultural show-ground, and chief cricket-grounds are the best of their kind in the colony. Three hundred students attend lectures at Canterbury College. Steam tramways connect the town with the sea-side, and though flat, it is well drained and healthy. Its fine public park has been wrell planted and improved. Its suburbs are noted for the number and taste of their private gardens. Mean temperature for the year, 52°; average yearly rainfall, 26 inches. Population (1901), 17,537 ; including suburbs, 57,041. Christian IX., King of Denmark (1818 ), fourth son of Duke Wilhelm of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg Glucksburg, was born 8th April 1818, and succeeded to the throne on the death of King Frederick VII., 15th November 1863, in accordance with the provisions of the