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EGYPTOLOGY

of the names, and the names of the Ka or double of each king. Our present knowledge stands thus :— List Names. Manetho. Sety I. Tombs. KA name. Menes MENA MEN 1. AHA Athothis TETA TA 2. ZER Kenkenes ATETH ATH 3. ZET Uenefes ATA MERNEIT 4. . . . Usafais HESEPTI SETHI 5. BEN Miebis MERBAPA MERPABA 6. AZAB Sempses SAMENPTAH SHEMSU 7. MEESEKHA Bienekhes QEBH SEN 8. QAA

[history.

the IVth Dynasty in the lists, thus throwing Seneferu back to the Illrd Dynasty. The kings of the IVth Dynasty are nearly all recorded on the numerous monuments of this age, which was above all the period of colossal building (see art. Pyramid in ninth edition). From the time of Seneferu the king’s eldest son was high priest of Heliopolis, and in the close of the IVth Dynasty the kings took this priesthood themselves, and Shepseskaf and the Vth Dynasty kings built immense temples with obelisks dedicated to the sun-god Ra. One

On Menes, see Recueil, xxi. 105. King Merneit (Plate, Fig. 5) is only assigned to the name in the list of Sety I. by his presumable position; but the order and the names of the others agree with those of the list, excepting that each name has been misread somewhat in the lapse of time between those kings and Sety I, which was longer than that between Sety and ourselves. The course of civilization was rising at the beginning of the dynasty, and the finest work appears in the middle; at the close the work is commoner and coarser. Of the Hnd Dynasty the names remaining are :— Manetho. Sety I. KA name in tombs. BOETHOS BEZAU 1. H OTEPAHAUI KAIECHOS KAKAU 2. RA NEB BANETEREN BINOTHRIS 3. NETEREN TEAS UAZNES 4. PERABSEN 1 ZAZA ? KHASEKHEMUI The order of the tombs is fixed, and the first three kings are named on the back of the granite figure No. 1 in Cairo Museum. The connexion of these Ka names with the names given by Sety I. seems probable at No. 3. Two statues and some large vases of a King Khasekhem were found at Hierakonpolis, and probably belong to this time. But so far the remains cannot be connected with the names in the historical lists. Of the Illrd Dynasty the step-pyramid of Saqqara is the great monument; for the late inscription at Sehel shows that Neterkhet is the name of King Zeser (1). But of the same king, Neterkhet, is also a great brick mastaba near Beit Khallaf; and by that is also a tomb of another king, Hon-nekht. The step-pyramid is the first great development of the mastaba tomb, successively added to and enlarged; and it led to the more regularly enlarged tomb of Seneferu, which was the first to have a continuous sloping casing, and so to begin the series of pyramids. At the close of the Illrd Dynasty we reach Fig. 3.—Slate Palette of King Narmer smiting the Chief of Fayum. {Circa 4800 b.c ) the period of abundant remains of the Old Kingdom, when in each reign many magnificent tombs of these temples has been fully explored at Abusir by were built by the court officials, and a complete picture German work. This priesthood is echoed in later tales of the civilization is preserved to us (1). A stone lately by the Vth Dynasty kings being said to be born of a found at Saqqara shows the adoration of Zeser-nub priestess of Ra; and the title “ son of Ra ” begins at this (dyn. hi. 3), Teta (hi. 6), and Userkaf (v. 1); thus date. At the close of the Vth Dynasty begins the series of the kings of the Illrd Dynasty were still worshipped in inscribed pyramids, with long copies of the early form of the Vth. Seneferu, whose mastaba-pyramid remains at the Book of the Dead, and the texts of a ritual nature, Medum (4), was certainly the same as Sefuris, the 8th intended to direct and preserve the soul. These pyramids king of the Illrd Dynasty. His position has been cleared of Unas, Teta, Pepy I., Merenra, and Pepy II. were all up by finding the name of King Shaaru (S.B.A.P. xxi. opened in 1881. The texts are published in the Becueil, 108), which is clearly the origin of Soris, the 1st king of vols. iii.-xvi. The copper statues of Pepy I. and his