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following month a large force was entrenched there. The Khalifa, fearing an attack on Omdurman, moved Osman Digna from Adarama to Shendi. On the 23rd October Hunter, with a flying column lightly equipped, left Berber for Adarama, which he burned on the 2nd November, and after reconnoitring for 40 miles up the Atbara, returned to Berber. The Nile was falling, and Kitchener decided to keep the gunboats above the impassable rapid at Um Tuir, 4 miles north of the confluence of the Atbara with the Nile, where he constructed a fort. The gunboats made repeated reconnaissances up the river, bombarding Metemmeh with effect. The railway reached Abu Hamed on the 4th November, and was pushed rapidly forward along the right bank of the Nile towards Berber. The forces of the Khalifa remaining quiet, the Sirdar visited Kassala and negotiated with the Italian General Caneva for its restoration to Egypt. The Italians were anxious to leave it; and on Christmas Day 1897 Colonel Parsons, with an Egyptian force from Suakin, took it formally over, together with a body of Arab irregulars employed by the Italians. These troops were at once despatched to capture the dervish posts at Asabri and El Fasher, which they did with small loss. On his return from Kassala to Berber the Sirdar received information of an intended advance of the Khalifa northward. He at once ordered a concentration of Egyptian troops towards Berber, and telegraphed to Cairo for a British brigade. By the end of January the concentration was complete, and the British brigade, under Sudan Major-General Gatacre, was at Dakhesh, south Abu Hamed. Disagreement among the Khalifa’s generals postponed the dervish advance and gave Kitchener much-needed time. But at the end of February, Mahmud crossed the Nile to Shendi with some 12,000 fighting men, and with Osman Digna advanced along the right bank of the Nile to Aliab, where he struck across the desert to Nakheila, on the Atbara, intending to turn Kitchener’s left flank at Berber. The Sirdar took up a position at Ras el Hudi, on the Atbara. His force consisted of Gatacre’s British brigade (1st Warwicks, Lincolns, Seaforths, and Camerons) and Hunter’s Egyptian division (3 brigades under Colonels Maxwell, MacDonald, and Lewis respectively), Broadwood’s cavalry, Tudway’s camel corps, and Long’s artillery. The dervish army reached Nakheila on the 20th March, and entrenched themselves there in a formidable zeriba. After several reconnaissances, in which fighting took place with Mahmud’s outposts, it was ascertained from prisoners that their army was short of provisions and that great leakage was going on. Kitchener, therefore, did not hurry. He sent his flotilla up the Nile and captured Shendi, the dervish depot, on the 27th March. On the 4th April he advanced to Abadar. A final reconnaissance was made on the 5th. On the following day he bivouacked at Umdabia, where he constructed a strong zeriba, which was garrisoned by an Egyptian battalion, and on the night of the 7 th he marched to the attack of Mahmud’s zeriba, which, after an hour’s bombardment on the morning of the 8th April, was stormed with complete success. Mahmud and several hundred dervishes were captured, 40 emirs and 3000 Arabs killed, and many more wounded; the rest escaped to Gedaref. The Sirdar’s casualties were 80 killed and 472 wounded. Preparations were now made for the attack on the Khalifa’s force at Omdurman; and in the meantime the troops were camped in the neighbourhood of Berber, and the railway carried on to the Atbara. At the end of July reinforcements were forwarded from Cairo; and on the 24th August the following troops were concentrated for the advance at Wad Hamad, above Metemmeh, on the

[military operations.

western bank of the Sixth Cataract:—British division, under Major-General Gatacre, consisting of 1st Brigade, commanded by Colonel H. G. Wauchope (1st Warwicks, Lincolns, Seaforths, and Camerons), and 2nd Brigade, commanded by Colonel the Hon. N. G. Lyttelton (1st Northumberlands and Grenadier Guards, 2nd Lancashire and Rifle Brigade); Egyptian division, under MajorGeneral Hunter, consisting of four brigades, commanded by Colonels MacDonald, Maxwell, Lewis, and Collinson; mounted troops — 21st Lancers, Camel Corps, and Egyptian Cavalry; artillery, under Colonel Long, 2 British batteries, 5 Egyptian batteries, and 20 machine guns; detachment of Royal Engineers. The flotilla, under Commander Keppel, R.N., consisted of 10 gunboats and 5 transport steamers. The total strength was nearly 26,000 men. While the army moved along the west bank of the river, a force of Arab irregulars or “Friendlies” marched along the east bank, under command of Major Stuart-Wortley and Lieutenant Wood, to clear it of the enemy as far as the Blue Nile; and on the 12th September the gunboats bombarded the forts on both sides of the river and breached the great wall of Omdurman. Kitchener met with no opposition; and on the 1st September the army bivouacked in zeriba at Egeiga, on the maa west bank of the Nile, within 4 miles of Omdurman. Here, on the morning of the 2nd September, the Khalifa’s army, 40,000 strong, attacked the zeriba, but was repulsed with slaughter. Kitchener then moved out and marched towards Omdurman, when he was again twice fiercely attacked on the right flank and rear, MacDonald’s brigade bearing the brunt. MacDonald distinguished himself by his tactics, and completely repulsed the enemy. The 21st Lancers gallantly charged a body of 2000 dervishes which was unexpectedly met in a khor on the left flank, and drove them westward, the Lancers losing a fifth of their number in killed and wounded. The Khalifa was now in full retreat, and the Sirdar, sending his cavalry in pursuit, marched into Omdurman. The dervish loss was over 10,000 killed, as many wounded, and 5000 prisoners. The Khalifa’s black flag was captured and sent home to the Queen. The British and Egyptian casualties together were under 500. The European prisoners of the Khalifa found in Omdurman—Charles Neufeld, Joseph Ragnotti, Sister Teresa Grigolini, and some 30 Greeks—were released; and on Sunday the 4th September the Sirdar, with representatives from every regiment, crossed the river to Khartum, where the British and Egyptian flags were hoisted, and a short service held in memory of General Gordon, near the place where he met his death. The results of the battle of Omdurman were the practical destruction of the Khalifa’s army, the extinction of Mahdism in the Sudan, and the recovery of nearly all the country formerly under Egyptian authority. The Khalifa fled with a small force to Obeid in Kordofan. The British troops were quickly sent down stream to Cairo, and the Sirdar, shortly afterwards created Lord Kitchener of Khartum, was free to turn his attention to the reduction of the country to some sort of order. He had first, however, to deal with a somewhat serious matter—the arrival of a French expedition at Fashoda, on the White Nile, some 600 miles above Khartum.^ He started for the south on the 10th September, with 5 gunboats and a small force, dispersed a body of 700 dervishes at Reng on the 15th, and four days later arrived at Fashoda, to find the French at Fashoda. Captain Marchand, with 120 Senegalese soldiers, entrenched there and the French flag flying. He arranged with Marchand to leave the political question to be settled