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EGYPT

[militaky OPERATIONS.

Egyptian troops and 3000 irregulars, distributed, among many Negus of Abyssinia from prosecuting the war, which thus, in spite stations, out, hoping for reinforcements. In March 1885, of the Abyssinian success, resulted in the increased power and however, held Amadi fell to the dervishes, and on the 18th April prestige of the Khalifa. .... arrived near Lado, the capital, and sent to inform Emin Darfur and Kordofan.—On the outbreak of the Mahdi s rebellion Karamalla the fall of Khartum. Emin and Captain Casati, an Italian, Slatin Bey was governor of the province, and when Madibbo, the of south to Wadelai, giving up the northern posts, and opened insurgent Sheikh of Kizighat, attacked and occupied Shakka and moved relations with Kabarega, King of Unyoro. On 26th was following up his success, Slatin twice severely defeated him friendly 1886 Emin received despatches from Cairo via Zanzibar, and having concentrated his forces at El Fasher, repulsed the February which he learned all that had occurred during the previous enemy again at Om Shanga. Mahdism, however, spread over from and that “ he might take any step he liked, should he Darfur in spite of Slatin’s efforts to stay it. He fought no fewer three years, to leave the country.” He determined to remain where he than twenty-seven actions in various parts of his province, but his decide and “hold together, as long as possible, the remnant of the own troops, in course of time, became infected with the new faith was ten years. ” His troops were in a mutinous state, wishing to and deserted him. He was obliged to surrender at Dara in last north rather than south, as Emin had ordered them to do, and December 1883, and was a prisoner, first at Obeid and then at go endeavoured to carry him with them by force. Omdurman, until he escaped in 1895. In January 1884 Zogal, unsuccessfully His communications to Europe through Zanzibar led to the the new dervish Emir of the province, attacked El Fasher, where Relief Expedition under Mr H. M. Stanley, which went to his Said Bey Guma and an Egyptian garrison 1000 strong with 10 by way of the Congo in 1887, and after encountering inguns was still holding out, and captured it. He also reduced the rescue dangers and experiencing innumerable sufferings, met with Jebel Marra district, where the loyal hill-people gave him some credible Emin and Casati at Nsabe, on the Albert Nyanza, on 29th April 1888. Stanley went back in May to pick up his belated rearguard, After the death of the Mahdi in 1885, Madibbo revolted against Mounteney Jephson and a small escort to accompany Emin the Khalifa, but was defeated by Karamalla, the dervish Emir leaving his province. The southern garrisons decided to go with of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, and was caught and executed. A war round but the troops at Laboreh mutinied, and a general revolt then sprang up between Karamalla and Sultan Yusef, who had Emin, out, headed by Fadl el Maula, governor of Fabbo. On succeeded Zogal as Emir of Darfur. Yusef was joined in 1887 by broke at Dufileh in August 1888, Emin and Jephson were made Sultan Zayid, the black ruler of Jebel Marra, and Karamalla’s arriving by the Egyptian mutineers. In the meantime the arrival trusted general, Ketenbur, was defeated with great slaughter at prisoners Stanley at Lake Albert had caused rumours, which quickly El Towaish on 29th June 1887. Osman wad Adam (Ganu), Emir of of Kordofan, was sent by the Khalifa to Karamalla s assistance. spread to Omdurman, of a great invading White Pasha, with the in July the Khalifa sent up the river three steamers He forced back the Darfurians near Dara on the 26th December, resultsixthat barges, containing 4000 troops, to oppose this new-comer. routed Zayid in a second battle, entered El Fasher, and, in 1888, and In October Omar-Saleh, the Mahdist commander, took Rejaf and became complete master of the situation, the two Sultans being sent messengers to Dufileh to summon Emin to surrender ; but on killed. The Darfurian chiefs then allied themselves with Abu the 15th November the mutineers released both Emin and Jephson, Gemaizeh, Sheikh of the Masalit Arabs, who had proclaimed himreturned to Lake Albert with some 600 refugees, and joined self “Khalifa Osman,” and was known as the Anti-Mahdi. The who Stanley in February 1889. The expedition arrived at Zanzibar at revolt assumed large proportions, and became the more dangerous the end of the year. to Abdullah, the Khalifa, by reason of its religious character, wild Emin’s mutinous troops kept the dervishes at bay between rumours spreading over the country and reaching to Egypt and Wadelai and Rejaf, and eventually severely defeated them, driving Suakin of the advent to power of an opposition Mahdi. Abu them back Rejaf. They did not, however, follow up their Gemaizeh attacked a portion of Osman Adam s force, under Abd-el- victory, and to under the leadership of Fadl-el-Maula Bey remained Kader, at Kebkebieh, 30 miles from El Fasher, and almost anni- about Wadelai, the dervishes strengthened their post at hilated it on the 16th October 1888 ; and a week later another Rejaf. In 1893 while Bey and many of his men took large force of Osman Adam met with the same fate at the same service with BaertFadl-el-Maula the Congo State Expedition. The Bey was place. Instead of following up his victories, Abu Gemaizeh retired killed fighting the of at Wandi in January 1894, and the to Dar Tama to augment his army, to which thousands flocked as remnant of his mendervishes were found by Captain Thruston the news of his achievements spread far and wide. He again from Uganda on the eventually March 1894 at Mahaji Sghir, on the advanced to El Fasher in February 1889, but was seized with Albert Nyanza, whither23rd had drifted from Wadelai in search smallpox. His army, however, under Fiki Adam, fought a fierce of supplies. They were they enlisted by Thruston and brought back battle close to El Fasher on the 22nd, which resulted in its defeat under the British flag to Uganda. . and dispersion, and Abu Gemaizeh himself dying the following In consequence of the Franco-Congolese Treaty of 1894, Major day, the movement collapsed. Cunningham and Lieutenant Vandeleur were sent from Uganda to - In 1891 Darfur and Kordofan were again disturbed, and Sultan Dufileh, where they planted the British flag on the 15th January Abbas succeeded in turning the dervishes out of the Jebel Marra 1895. district. Two years later a saint of Sokoto, Abu Naal Muzil el Muhan, collected many followers and for a time threatened the Khalifa’s power, but the revolt gradually died out. Sudan Operations, 1896-99. The Bahr-d- Ghazal —The first outbreak in favour of Mahdism The wonderful progress — political, economical, and in the Bahr-el-Ghazal took place at Liffi in August 1882, when the Dinka tribe, under Jango, revolted and was defeated by Lupton social which Egypt had made during British occupation, Bey with considerable slaughter at Tel Gauna, and again in 1883 near Liffi. In September of that year Lupton’s captain, Kufai so ably set forth in Sir Alfred Milner’s England in Aga, was massacred with all his men at Dembo, and Lupton, short Egypt (published in 1892), together with the revelation of ammunition, was forced to retire to Dem Suliman, where he was in so strong a light of the character of the Khalifa s completely cut off from Khartum. After gallantly fighting for despotism in the Sudan and the miserable condition eighteen months he was compelled by the defection of his troops to surrender on 21st April 1884 to Karamalla, the dervish Emir of of his misgoverned people, as detailed in the accounts of their captivity at Omdurman by Father Ohrwalder the province. He died at Omdurman in 1888. In 1890 the Shillouks in the neighbourhood of Fashoda rose and Slatin Bey (published in 1892 and 1896), against the Khalifa, and the dervish Emir of Galabat, Zeki Tumal, stirred public opinion in Great Britain, and was engaged for two years in suppressing the rebellion. He got brought the question of the recovery of. the 1896 the upper hand in 1892, and was recalled to oppose an Italian force Sudan into prominence. A change of ministry said to be advancing from Massawa ; but on reporting that it was impossible to invade Eritrea, as the Khalifa wished him to do, he took place in 1895, and Lord Salisbury’s Cabinet, which was summoned to Omdurman and put to death. The country had consistently assailed the Egyptian policy of the old, then relapsed into its original barbarous condition, and dervish was not unwilling to consider whether the flourishing influence was nominal only. In 1892 the Congo State Expedition condition of Egyptian finance, the prosperity of the established posts up to the seventh parallel of north latitude. In 1893 the dervish Emir, Abu Mariam, fought with the Dinka tribe country and the settled state of its affairs, with a capable and was killed and his force destroyed, the fugitives taking refuge and proved little army ready to hand, did not warrant an in Shakka. In the following year the Congo Expedition established attempt being made to recover gradually the Sudan profurther posts, and in consequence the Khalifa sent 3000 men, under the Emir Khatem Musa, from Skakka to reoccupy the Bahr- vinces abandoned by Egypt in 1885 on the advice ot Mr el-Ghazal. The Belgians at Liffi retired before him, and he entered Gladstone’s Government. Faroga. Famine and disease broke out in Khatem Musa’s camp in Such being the condition of public and official sentiment, 1895, and a retreat was made towards Kordofan. the crushing defeat of the Italians by the Abyssinians a Equatoria.—In the equatorial province, which extended from the Albert Nyanza to Lado, Emin Bey, who had a force of 1300 the battle of Adowa on 1st March 1896, and the critical