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 C H I T T A G O N G — C H I T T Y these difficulties Colonel Kelly set out on the 23rd March, the day after receiving his orders. Marching rapidly, the little force successfully crossed the Shandur Pass on the 28th March. On the 9th April Colonel Kelly fought and defeated the Chitralis, and on the same day relieved the garrison of Mastang. On the 13th April Colonel Kelly again fought a successful action at Nisa Gol. The enemy having now been dispersed, the road to Chitral was left clear, and on the 20th April the gallant little force relieved Chitral Fort'without opposition from Sher Afzul and his followers, who had fled during the previous night. General Low’s army was then at Umra Khan’s stronghold, and no news arriving of the relief by Colonel Kelly, one lightly-equipped brigade under General Gatacre was pushed on towards Chitral. On 1st May they crossed the Lewarai Pass (10,000 feet high) over deep snow. Here they halted, as all opposition was over. Colonel Kelly’s force soon returned to Gilgit, but Sir Robert Low’s troops held the line from Nowshera to Chitral for six months while the future policy was beiim arranged. At one time during the occupation the force had 'actually received orders to evacuate the whole country ; but before this was commenced a change of Government occurred in England, and the new Cabinet immediately reversed the orders of their predecessors. Eventually the force was withdrawn during September and October 1895, a brigade being left at Killa Ehesh. This was to be relieved every two years. The Khan of Dir (to .whom were returned the lands seized by Umra Khan) and the Khan of Nawayai were subsidized to keep the road in repair and to ensure the safety of the biennial reliefs to and from Killa Dresh. Umra Khan was not permitted to return to his country. Sher Afzul, finding resistance hopeless, surrendered with his force. He and twenty of his chief men, with the assassin Amir-ul-Mulk, were sent to India to remain perpetually domiciled at Dharmsala, a hill-station in the Himalayas. (c. J. B.) Chittagong, a seaport of British India, giving its name to a district and a division of Bengal. It is situated on the right bank of the Karnaphuli river, about 12 miles from its mouth. It is the terminus of the Assam-Bengal railway. The municipal area covers about 9 square miles; population (1881), 20,969; (1891), 24,069. Chittagong is the second seaport of Bengal. In 1897-98 the sea-borne exports were valued at Rs. 1,12,63,036, of which more than half was jute, other items being tea, raw cotton, rice, and hides. There is also a large trade by country boats, which brought imports in 1897-98 valued at Rs.33,87,915, chiefly cotton, rice, spices, sugar, and tobacco. There is one rice-husking mill, employing 65 persons, with an out-turn valued at Rs. 1,50,000. There are a Government college, a law class, a high school, and two Roman Catholic convent schools. Two of the five printing-presses issue vernacular newspapers. The district of Chittagong is situated at the north-east corner of Bengal, occupying a strip of coast and hills between the sea and the mountains of Burma. Its area (excluding the Chittagong Hill Tracts) is 2563 square miles. The population in 1891 was 1,290,167, giving an average density of 503 persons per square mile. Classified according to religion, Hindus numbered 302,333 ; Mahommedans, 924,849; Buddhists (from Arakan), 61,615 ; Christians, 1191, of whom 256 were Europeans ; “others,” 179. In 1901 the population was 1,352,722, showing an increase of 5 per cent. The land revenue and rates are Rs. 10,16,834 ; the number of police is 497 ; the death-rate in 1897 was 49‘46. This high mortality was partly due to the destructive cyclone of October. In 1896-97 the number of boys at school was 56,593, being 62 per cent, of the male population of school-going age. The northern portion of the district is traversed by the AssamBengal railway. Tea cultivation is moderately successful. In 1897-98 there were 23 gardens, with 4025 acres under tea, employing permanently 3556 persons and producing more than two million lb. The Chittagong forests yielded in 1897-98 a gross revenue of Rs.77,406. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, formerly an independent district, have been reduced to the status of a subdivision. They occupy the ranges between Chittagong proper and the south Lushai hills. The area covers 5419 square miles. In 1891 the population was 107,286, giving an average density of 20 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 124,851, showing an increase of 16 per cent. The inhabitants, who are either Arakanese or aboriginal tribes, are almost all Buddhists. The headquarters are at Rangamati (population, 2336), which was entirely wrecked by the cyclone of October 1897. There is one tea garden with 100 acres under tea, employing 120 persons and producing 27,000 lb. The division of Chittagong lies at the north-east corner of the »

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Bay of Bengal, extending northward along the left bank of the Meghna. It consists of the three districts of Chittagong (including the Hill Tracts), Noakhali, and Tipperah. Its area covers 12,118 square miles ; the population in 1891 was 4,190,081, giving an average density of 345 persons per square mile. Chittore, a town of British India, in the North Arcot district of Madras, situated in 13° 13' N. lat. and 79° 8' E. long. ; station on the South Indian railway. Population (1881), 5809; (1891), 9965. Formerly a military cantonment, it is now only the civil headquarters of the district. It has an English church, mission chapel, and Roman Catholic chapel, a high school, two printingpresses, and several literary institutes. Chitty, Sir Joseph William (1828-1899), English judge, was born in. London in 1828. He was the second son of Mr Thomas Chitty (himself son and brother of well-known lawyers), a celebrated special pleader and writer of legal text-books, in whose pupil-room Earl Cairns, Lord O’Hagan, Chief Justice Whiteside, Mr Justice Willes, Mr Justice Quain, Sir James Hannen, and many other distinguished lawyers began their legal education. Joseph Chitty was educated at Eton and Balliol, Oxford, gaining a first-class in 1851, in the old honour school of Liters Humaniores, and being afterwards elected to a fellowship at Exeter College. His principal distinctions during his school and college career had been earned in athletics, and he came to London as a man who had stroked the Oxford boat and captained the Oxford cricket eleven, besides bearing a well-known legal name and being possessed of first-class abilities. In these circumstances he had little difficulty in making his mark. He became a member of Lincoln’s Inn in 1851, was called to the bar in 1856, and made a queen’s counsel in 1874, electing to practise as such in the court in which Sir George Jessel, Master of the Rolls, presided. Chitty was highly successful in his method of dealing with a very masterful if exceedingly able judge, and soon gained the reputation of having the ear of the court to such an extent that his practice became very large, his fees being stated to have amounted at one time to £13,000 a year, a large sum for one not a law officer of the Crown. In 1880 he entered the House of Commons, being returned as Liberal member for Oxford (city) at the general election of that year. His parliamentary career was short, for in 1881 the Judicature Act required that the Master of the Rolls should cease to sit regularly as a judge of first instance, and Chitty was selected to fill the vacancy thus created in the Chancery division. It was remarked that two other judges during the century, Lord Hatherley and Sir William Erie, had represented Oxford in Parliament. Sir Joseph Chitty was for sixteen years a popular judge, in the best meaning of the phrase, being noted for his courtesy, geniality, patience, and scrupulous fairness, as well as for his legal attainments, and being much respected and liked by those practising before him, in spite of a habit of interrupting counsel, possibly acquired through the example of Sir George Jessel—a habit which in the case of Mr Justice Chitty did not accelerate the despatch of business as it did with his predecessor, but which no doubt was inspired, as a rule, by his desire to appreciate every detail of the case before him. His ready ejaculation “ Fiat justitia ruat coelum” when a piece of the ceiling of his court fell while he was on the bench, is deserving of record. He remained a puisne judge until 1897, when, on the retirement of Sir Edward Kay, L.J., he was promoted to the Court of Appeal. There he more than sustained—in fact, he appreciably increased his reputation as a lawyer and a judge, proving himself to possess considerable knowledge of the common law as well as of equity, during the short time which elapsed before