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EAST

AFRICA,

PORTUGUESE

East Africa, Portuguese, or Mozam- Inhambane, Lourengo Marques forming one province. bique, a province of the East Coast of Africa, belonging There is a governor-general, appointed for three years, to Portugal, stretching 1430 miles along the Indian Ocean, residing at Lourengo Marques, now the capital. There is a force of 3180 regular troops. The Manica and Sofala between 10° 40' and 26° 52' S. lat. Boundaries and Physical Geography. By treaties with regions are administered by the Mozambique Company, Germany in 1886 and in 1894, and with Great Britain which has a royal charter granting sovereign rights for fifty in 1891, the boundaries are as follow:—On the K by years from 1891. Another company administers the region 10° 40' S. lat. to the Bovuma, and this river as far as the on the east of Lake Nyasa, and the Companhia da confluence of the M’Singe, and thence due W. to the Zambezia holds a concession in the Quilimane, Tete, and E. shore of Lake Nyasa ■ on the W. along the E. shore Zumbo regions. For 1900-1901 the estimated revenue of the lake southwards as far as 13° 30' S. lat., thence S.E. was 2,838,000 milreis, and expenditure 2,993,000 milreis. to the E. shore of Lake Shiuta, along this lake and in a Products and Trade.—The chief vegetable products of the low straight line from its S. extremity to the E. side of Lake coast region are the cocoanut and various other palms, ironwood Shire, down its E. side to the S. end, and straight on to the {Casuarina), indigo, orchil, tobacco, coffee, and several oleaginous The higher zone above the coast-lands abounds in timber most E. affluent (Mlosa) of the river Ruo, which stream plants. trees, as the mutembate and the morepa, which yield timber similar it then follows as far as its confluence with the Shire. to teak ; cutoh and cedra serve as supports for the climbing nilungo From that point it coincides with the Shire as far as a {Landolphia florida) and calumba {Jateorhiza palmata). The point a little below Shiwanga, thence due W. until it inter- natives devote their attention chiefly to the cultivation of oleagincrops, e.g., almonds, sesamum, cocoanuts, copra, cashew nuts, sects the watershed between the Shire and the Zambezi; ous and carapa. At Mopeia and other places the sugar-cane is culthen it follows this watershed, and the watershed between tivated. In the north of the province, on the Zambezi, and at Inthe Zambezi and Lake Nyasa as far as 14° S.; after that hambane, rice, millet, and beans are grown, also coffee in the two it turns S.W. and goes to the point where the river Ar- districts last named ; indiarubber in Quilimane. Wheat and other grow in the delta of the Zambezi and in the valley of the wangua is cut by 15° S. lat., and thence follows this river cereals Busi. Coal exists chiefly in Tete and between the Rovuma, to its confluence with the Zambezi. On the S. of the Lujenda, and M’Salu, in Medo, and alongside the Umbelusi ; iron Zambezi the Portuguese boundary strikes from a point is abundant in the Serra Shinga, and is extracted by the Makwas ; opposite the mouth of the Arwangua and goes due S. to gold exists in Medo, Mashinga, Missale, and Manica. In Manica gold-mining country has been taken up mainly by British 16° S. lat., which it follows as far as 31° E. long., thence the subjects. Fish are plentiful along the coast, and pearls are fished E. to the outer section of the river Mazoe and 33° E. long., in the Bazaruto Isles. Spirits, sugar, and pottery are the only continues along this meridian to 18° 30' S. lat., then follows commodities manufactured. The imports in 1898 were valued at southwards along the upper edge of the Manica plateau as £19,894,000, exports at £402,400, besides a transit trade, mainly Beira and Louremjo Marques, of about £2,500,000. The far as the river Save, and follows the course of this river by total trade in 1899 was £29,662,500. Lourenco Marques, Beira, to its confluence with the Lunde. From that point it and Chinde are the chief ports. The chief exports are oil, seeds, makes for the ISLE, corner of the Transvaal Colony, then indiarubber, wax, gums, orchil, coffee, tobacco, Indian hemp, goes S. over the Lebombos and Swaziland frontier to the manioc, ivory. The imports (£108,670 from Portugal in 1895, river Maputo, follows this river to the confluence of the £466,000 in 1897) consist principally of wine, with cottons, woollens, silk, preserved foods, flour, ironmongery. Trade is carried Pongolo, and finally runs thence due E. to the Indian Ocean linen, on chiefly with Bombay, Marseilles, England, Zanzibar, and Lisnear Oro Point. Portugal at one time claimed almost un- bon. The province possesses only two railways, one running from limited areas in the interior of the continent, but by the Louremjo Marques to the Transvaal frontier, 57 miles (Ressano extension of British enterprise in the south and west,, and Garcia), and so on to Pretoria, and the other from Beira to the of Rhodesia, 222 miles, and to Salisbury. Beira is conGerman enterprise in the north, the limits of the territory frontier nected by telegraph with Salisbury, and Lourenco Marques with the have been defined as above. Transvaal system, and there are 2661 miles of line. Orographically the backbone of the province south of the Population, Ac.—The area is estimated at 301,000 square miles, Zambezi is formed by the Lebombo Mountains, which, how- and the population at 3,120,000. Of the native races the most important in the north are the Makwas and the Ajaus, both belonging ever, nowhere exceed 2070 ft. in height; the Manica plateau, to the Bantu stock. The dominant race between the Zambezi and where Mount Doe rises to 7875 ft. and Mount Panga to the Mazoe are the Tavalas, other tribes in the same region being 7610 ft.; and the Gorongosa plateau, with Mount Miranga the Maraves, Sengas, Muzimbas, and Muzuzuros. On the south of the (6550 ft.), Enhatete (6050 ft.), and Gogogo (5900 ft.). Zambezi the ruling race are the Zulu tribe of the Yatwa in Gasa; other tribes of different stock being known as Tongas. The The chief mountain range, however, lies north of the Zam- all province forms a bishopric (Mozambique), belonging to the ecclesibezi, namely, the Namuli Mountains, in which Namuli Peak astical province of Goa. rises to 8860 ft., and Molisani, Mruli, and Mresi attain to The principal towns are as follow:—Mozambique, the altitudes of 6500 to 8000 ft. These mountains are covered with vegetation and have a temperate and healthy climate, old capital, on an island off the coast to the north of the a decided contrast to the unhealthy, malaria-haunted low- Zambezi; population about 8000. In 1898 it was visited lands along the coast. At Tete, on the Lower Zambezi, by 416 vessels, of 188,665 tons. Quilimane or Kelimane, the annual mean temperature is 77°‘9 Fahr.; the hottest at the mouth of a supposed former branch of the Zambezi, month being November, 83°-3, and the coldest July, 72°‘5. which is silting up. Chinde, a new port at the mouth of the At Quilimane, on the coast, the mean temperature is 85° T, Chinde branch of the Zambezi, in which Great Britain has a maximum 106°‘7, and minimum 49°T. The rainy season lease of land for a bonded warehouse; it is connected by lasts from December to March, and the dry season from telegraph with Blantyre in British Central Africa; popuMay to September. During the monsoons the districts lation (1898), 1675. Beira, at the mouth of the Pungwe, bordering on the Mozambique Channel enjoy a tolerably even south of the Zambezi, connected by rail and telegraph with mean temperature of 76°T, maximum mean 88°-7, and Salisbury in Mashonaland, and an important port for transit minimum mean 65 "3. Besides the Zambezi, the principal trade with the interior; in 1898, 270 vessels, of 434,684 rivers that water the territory are the Limpopo, Save, tons, visited the port; population (1898), 4223. Lourengo Pungwe, Lurio, Bovuma, Shire, and Luia. In 1891 the Marques, on Delagoa Bay, of importance as the terminus of colony, * which used to be known as Mozambique, was the railway to the Transvaal, with good harbour and exceldesignated the State of East Africa, and was divided into lent anchorage in the bay; in 1898, 505 vessels, of a northern and southern province, Mozambique, and 1,032,543 tons, visited the port; population, 5130. Towns Lourengo Marques; and further, instead of that division, on the Zambezi of little importance are Zumbo, Tete, and into the districts of Mozambique, Zambezia, Gaza, and Sena.