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 DURHAM — DUSSELDORF 553 Subtees. History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of peuples soumis d leur domination (1843-44), it appeared Durham, 4 vols. London, 1816-40.—Raixe. History and Anti- in a greatly enlarged form in 7 vols. under the title of quities of North Durham. London, 1852.—D. M. A. A Collection of Rhymes, Proverbs, and Sayings. C. W. Dunelm, 1859.—Perry Histoire des Romains depuis les temps les plus recules and Herman. Illustrations of the Mediaeval Antiquities of the jusqu’d la mart de Theodose (1876 — 85); a magnificent County of Durham. Oxford, 1867.—Lebour. Outlines of the illustrated edition was published from 1879 to 1885 Geology of Durham. Newcastle, 1886. See also the Surtees Society's Publications and Transactions of the Architectural Society (English translation by W. J. Clarke, in 6 vols., 1883-86). His Histoire des Grecs, similarly illustrated, appeared in of Durham and Northumberland. ^ Durham, a city, municipal and parliamentary 3 vols. from 1887 to 1889 (English translation in 4 vols., borough, (since 1885 returning only one member), and 1892). He was the editor, from its commencement in county town of Durham, England, on the Wear, 256 miles 1846, of the Histoire universelle, publiee par une societe de from London by rail. The cathedral has undergone extensive professeurs et de savants, for which he himself wrote a repairs and the chapter-house been restored. The grammar “ Histoire sainte d’apres la Bible,” “ Histoire grecque,” school, the diocesan training colleges for schoolmasters and “Histoire romaine,” “Histoire du moyen age,” “Hisschoolmistresses, and the County Hospital have been en- toire des temps modernes,” and “Abrege de 1’histoire larged. A mission church, a high school for girls, and de France.” His other works include Atlas historique the Shire Hall and County Buildings have been erected. de la France accompagne d’un volume de texte (1849); Manufactures of hosiery and iron-works have been intro- Histoire de France de If58 d 1815 (1856), of which duced. Area of municipal borough, 880 acres ; population an expanded and illustrated edition appeared as Histoire de France depuis Vinvasion des barbares dans la (1881), 14,932; (1901), 14,641. (See Universities.) Gaule romaine jusqu’d nos jours (1892); Histoire popuDurham, capital of Durham county, North Caro- laire de la France (1862—63); Histoire populaire contemlina, U.S.A., on the Southern, the Norfolk and Western, poraine de la France (1864—66); Causeries de voyage and the Sea Board Air Line Railways, at an altitude of (1864); and Introduction generate a Vhistoire de France 392 feet. It is the seat of Trinity College, a Methodist (1865). A memoir by Ernest Lavisse appeared in 1895 Episcopal institution. The surrender of General J. E. under the title of UnMinistre: Victor Duruy. Johnston, at the close of the Civil War, took place in this neighbourhood on 25th April 1865. The growth and Diisseldorf, a town of Prussia, in the Rhine proprosperity which have come to the city since the Civil vince, on the right bank of the Rhine, 24 miles by rail War are due to the development of its tobacco manufac- north by west from Cologne. Dusseldorf is one of the tures. Population (1880), 2041; (1890), 5485; (1900), handsomest cities of Western Germany. Its situation on 6679, of whom 108 were foreign-born and 2241 negroes. the great mid-European waterway and as the junction of main lines of railway has largely favoured its Durlach, a town of Germany, grand-duchy of several Baden, 2J miles by rail east from Carlsruhe. A funicular rapid growth and industrial development. It is the railway runs to the top of the Turmberg. Gardening, principal banking centre of the Westphalian coal and iron iron-founding, and the manufacture of sewing and other trade, and the favourite residence of the leading merchants machines, starch, chicory, and pottery are carried on. of the lower Rhine. Of late the city has been much extended and improved. New quays, with a magnificent Population (1885), 7656 ; (1901), 11,353. harbour, affording accommodation for vessels of deep Duruy, Jean Victor (1811-1894), French his- draught, have been built, and the trade with the Dutch torian and statesman, was born in Paris on 11th September ports and with London thereby greatly enhanced. On 1811. The son of an artisan, he was at first intended the south side the town has been of late completely for his father’s trade, but succeeded in passing brilliantly metamorphosed by the removal of Koln-Mindner and through the Ecole Normale Superieure, and then held a Bergisch Maerkisch stations to a new central station lying succession of professorships and educational inspectorships. to the east. The site gained has been converted into new He assisted Napoleon III. in his life of Julius Caesar, and boulevards, while the railway to Neuss and Aix-la-Chapelle his abilities being thus brought under the emperor’s notice, has been diverted through the suburb of Bilk and thence he was in 1863 appointed Minister of Education. In this across the Rhine by a new iron bridge. A new road position he displayed incessant activity, and a desire for bridge (completed 1898, 2087 feet long), replacing the broad and liberal reform which aroused the bitter hos- old bridge of boats, carries the electric tram-line to tility of the clerical party. Among his measures may be Crefeld. Dusseldorf ranks as one of the art centres of cited his organization of higher education (“ enseignement Europe, and is especially famous for its school of painting, special ”), his foundation of the “ conferences publiques,” which is largely attended. Many handsome modern buildwhich have now become universal throughout France, and ings have been recently erected. The west wing of the of a course of secondary education for girls by lay teachers, town hall was rebuilt in 1885. The building of the and his introduction of modern history and modern lan- academy of art, in the Renaissance style, was erected in guages into the curriculum both of the lycees and of the 1879-81. The art exhibition (1881), with a mosaic facade, colleges. He greatly improved the state of primary educa- contains the municipal picture gallery and a permanent tion in France, and proposed to make it compulsory and exhibition of pictures. In front of it stands a bronze statue gratuitous, but was not supported in this project by the of Bismarck (1899). In the old town there are, further, emperor. In the new cabinet that followed the elections the industrial art museum (1896), the historical museum, of 1869, Duruy was replaced by Bourbeau, and was made and the industrial art school (1882). In the quarters a senator. After the fall of the Empire he took no part which lie east and north of the old town the most notein politics, except for an unsuccessful candidature for the worthy of the newer buildings are the Johannes (1875-81), Senate in 1876. From 1881 to 1886 he served as a St Rochus, and the Heil Empfangniss Kirchen (1896) ; member of the Conseil Superieur de ITnstruction Publique. the law courts ; the Roman Catholic hospital of St Mary; In 1884 he was elected to the Academie Francaise in the state archives; the bronze statue of Cornelius, by succession to Mignet. He died in Paris on 25th November Donndorf (1879) ; the bronze equestrian statue of the 1894. Duruy’s fame as a historian rests mainly on the Emperor William I. (1896); and the war memorial in revised edition of his Roman history. First published in the botanical gardens. To the south of the old town lie 2 vols. under the title of Histoire des Homains et des the assembly hall of the Rhenish provincial diet, an Italian S. III.— 70