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DUNABURG — DUNDEE

five years, but a light railway (16 miles) from Dumfries to Moniaive has been sanctioned. Authorities.—W. M'Dowall. History of the Burgh of Dumfries. Edinburgh, 1887. — Idem. Memorials of St Michael’s Churchyard. Edinburgh, 1876.—Idem. Chronicles of Lincluden. Edinburgh, 1866.—Sir Herbert Maxwell. Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh and London, 1897.—W. Dickie. Dumfries and Bound About. Dumfries, 1898.—Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. —J. Macdonald and J. Barbour. Birrens and its Antiquities. Dumfries, 1897.—R. W. Weir. History of the Scottish Borderers Militia. Dumfries, 1877.—Historical MSS. Commission.—J. Gillespie. Report on the Agriculture of Dumfriesshire. Edinburgh, 1869.—Sir William Fraser. The Book of Carlaverock. Edinburgh, 1873.—Idem. The Douglas Book. Edinburgh, 1885.— Idem. The Annandale Book. Edinburgh, 1894.—G. Neilson. Annandale under the Bruces. Annan, 1887.—G. F. ScottElliot. The Flora of Dumfriesshire. Dumfries, 1896.—C. T. Ramage. Drumlanrig Castle and the Douglases. Dumfries, 1876. (w. Wa.) Dunaburg. See Dvinsk. Dunbar, a royal burgh, and seaport of Haddingtonshire, Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth of Forth, 28 miles east of Edinburgh by rail. It is a sub-port of Leith, but owing to the advent of steam the shipping is now extinct. The Victoria Harbour (£20,000) is a refuge for vessels between Leith Roads and the Tyne. The fishing industry has declined. Shipbuilding and papermaking are no longer carried on, but the manufacture of agricultural implements is considerable, and there is a considerable export trade in potatoes. The town is a rising watering-place. Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches have been built. Dunbar was formerly one of the Haddington group of burghs, but its constituency was merged in that of the county in 1885. Population (1881), 3545; (1901), 3581. Dunblane, a market town and police burgh of Perthshire, Scotland, on the river Allan, 5 miles north-west of Stirling by rail. A masonic hall was erected in 1886 and a town hall in 1887. The mineral springs at Cromlix are included within the beautiful grounds—18 acres in extent —of the hydropathic establishment, which cost over £60,000. The cathedral underwent restoration, 1892-95, at a cost of £26,000. Population of police burgh (1881), 2186; (1901), 2516. Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang (18111886), German historian and politician, eldest son of the publisher Karl Duncker, was born at Berlin on 15th October 1811. He studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin till 1834, was then accused of participation in the students’ societies, which the Government was endeavouring to suppress, and was condemned to six years’ imprisonment, afterwards reduced to six months. He had already begun his labours as a historian, but after serving his sentence in 1837, found himself debarred till 1839 from completing his course at Halle, where in 1842 he obtained a professorship. Elected to the National Assembly at Frankfort in 1848, he joined the Right Centre party, and was chosen reporter of the projected constitution. He sat in the Erfurt Assembly of 1850, and in the second Prussian Chamber from 1849 to 1852. During the crisis in Schleswig and Holstein in 1850 he endeavoured in person to aid the Duchies in their struggles. An outspoken opponent of the policy of Manteuffel, he was refused promotion by the Prussian Government, and in 1857 accepted the professorship of history at Tubingen. In 1859, however, he was recalled to Berlin as assistant in the Ministry of State in the Auerswald Cabinet, and in 1861 was appointed Councillor to the Crown Prince. In 1867 he became Director of the Prussian Archives, with which it was his task to incorporate those of Hanover, Hesse, and Nassau. He retired on 1st January 1875, and died at Ansbach on 21st July 1886.

Duncker’s eminent position among German historians rests mainly on his Geschichte des Alterthums (1st ed., 1852—57 ; 5th ed., in 9 vols., 1878-86 ; English translation by Evelyn Abbott, 1877—82). He edited, with J. G. Droysen, Preussische Staatsschriften, Politische C orrespondenz Friedrichs des Grosser,, and Urkunden und Actenstiicke zur Geschichte des Kurfiirsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg. To the period of his political activity belong, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Peichsversammlung in Frankfurt (1849); Heinrich von Gagern (1850), in the series of Manner der Gegenwart; and the anonymous Vier Monate auswdrtiger Politik (1851). His other works include Origines Germanicce (1840); the lectures Die Krisis der Reformation (1845) and Feudalitdt und Aristokratie (1858); Aus der Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen und Friedrich Wilhelms III. Abhandlungenzurpreussischen Geschichte (1876); followed after his death by Abhandlungen aus der griechischen Geschichte and Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte (1887). (h. sy.) Dundalk, a seaport, urban sanitary district, and formerly (until 1885) a parliamentary borough in the county of Louth, Ireland, on Dundalk Bay, 50 miles north of Dublin. It is a large railway centre, being in communication with Belfast, Dublin, Londonderry, and vid Clones with the western counties. There are also branch lines to Ardee and Greenore, from which there is a service of steam packets to Holyhead. Steamers leave for Liverpool several times a week, carrying large quantities of farm produce and live stock. In all, 833 vessels of 111,374 tons entered in 1899, and 426 of 72,684 tons cleared. The number of vessels registered in the fishery district in 1899 was 191, employing 689 men and boys. Population (1881), 11,913; (1901), 13,067. Dundee, a seaport, royal and parliamentary burgh (returning two members), and county of a city (1894), Forfarshire, Scotland, on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, 59 miles north-north-east of Edinburgh by rail. Its area is 4201 acres. Jute has displaced linen as the principal manufacture of the city, and gives employment to 30,000 hands, flax employing about 10,000. The total annual value of the product of jute goods is estimated at £3,800,000, and of linen goods at £450,000. The following table shows the imports of raw materials and the exports of manufactured articles for 1890, 1895, and 1899 :— Imports. Year. Tow and Hemp. Flax. Codilla. 1890 1895 1899

1890 1895 1899

Tons. Tons. 1053 4776 5175 2147 1826 6485 Exports. Bags and Sacks. Linen and Jute Cloth. Sea. Tons. Tons. 16,900 72,371 Bail. 1 Sea. Tons. Tons. 16,448 72,401 97,057 17,910 81,500 81,107 Tons. 29,896 24,673 15,753

Tons. 206,759 277,314 198,718 Yarn. Sea. Tons. 21,189 24,531 33,808

Ihe Arctic seal and whale fishing employed 6 vessels in 1898. The total expenditure on the harbour, with its 36| icres of wet docks and tidal basin, was £1,088,620 up to 1898, and the debt was then £386,883, including £20,000 for the Tay ferries, which were taken over by the Harbour Trust in 1890, and on which £58,465 has since been expended. In 1891 the revenue of the harbour was £62,829, md in 1898 £60,636. In 1888, 1244 vessels of 520,363