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 DUMFRIES — DUMFRIESSHIRE 547 tons, valued at £58,272, were obtained in 1890 ; 38,722 tons, 1880. 1881-90. 1890. 1891-98. 1899. valued at £20,329, in 1899. In 1899 were also obtained 29,585 tons of fireclay, 30,355 tons of sandstone, and 11,398 tons of Birth-rate . 29-60 28-51 26-37 26-16 25-33 limestone. Death-rate. 18-63 19-13 19-74 19-22 17-32 In 1891 the number of persons in the county engaged in indusMarriage-rate 6-17 6-14 6-53 6-32 6-65 trial pursuits was 23,258 men and 7030 women, of whom 2967 men were concerned with machines and implements, 2746 men with there were 201 Gaelic-speaking persons in the county, ships, 3305 men and 2030 women with textiles, and 5782 men with andIn751891 foreigners. Valuation in 1889-90, £623,427 ; 1899-1900, minerals. Fishing is carried on on a small scale at Helensburgh £629,765. and along the Gareloch, and salmon fishing at Dumbarton. About Administration.—The county returns a member to Parliament. 42 miles have been added to the railway mileage during the past Royal burghs are Dumfries (17,081), Annan (5804), Lochmaben twenty-five years, the largest contributor being the West"Highland (1328), and Sanquhar (1379), which all belong to the Dumfries Kail way (1894). group of parliamentary burghs. Langholm (3142) is the largest Authorities.—J. Irving. History of Dumbartonshire. Dum- police burgh. There are 43 civil parishes, and 2 poorhouses, barton, 1860.—Idem. Book of Dumbartonshire. Edinburgh, 1879.— besides the. one at Dumfries; the number of paupers and .Sir W. Fraser. Chiefs of Colquhoun. Edinburgh, 1869.—Idem. dependants in September 1899 was 1547. Dumfries forms a The Lennox. Edinburgh, 1874.—D. Macleod. Castle and Town sheriffdom with Kirkcudbright and Wigtownshire, and there is of Dumbarton. Dumbarton, 1877.—Idem. Dumbarton. Dumbarton, a resident sheriff-substitute at Dumfries, who sits also at Annan, 1884.—Idem. Dumbarton: Ancient and Modern. Glasgow, 1893.— Langholm, and Lockerbie. Idem. Ancient Records of Dumbarton. Dumbarton, 1896.—J. Glen. Education. Forty-five school boards manage 92 schools, which had an average attendance of 10,418 in 1898-99, while 13 volunHistory of Dumbarton. Dumbarton, 1876. (w. Wa.) tary schools (2 Roman Catholic and 1 Episcopal) had an attendance of 1624. There are academies at Dumfries, Closeburn, Dumfries, a royal and parliamentary burgh (Dum- Annan, Langholm, and Moffat, and Dryfesdale public school and fries group), railway station, and county town of Dumfries- others earned grants in 1898-99 for giving higher education. The shire, Scotland, on the left bank of the river Nith. The county council and most of the burgh councils hand over the town is half industrial, half residential. The station has bulk of the “residue” grant to the County Committee on Education, which expended in 1899 £1076 of parliabeen largely rebuilt, and recent erections are a new Secondarygrant, and £1356 thus contributed on building grants, post office, St George’s Hall, a volunteer drill hall, a mentary apparatus, subsidies to higher schools, bursaries, and science and contagious diseases hospital, a new academy (£20,000), technical classes, embracing agriculture, dairying (at Kilmarnock and a Crichton Institution chapel (£30,000). The cor- Dairy School), and practical chemistry. Agriculture.—The percentage of cultivated area was 37‘6 in poration purchased the gasworks in 1878, and has rebuilt 1898 ; 31,531 acres were under wood in 1895, 1311 having been and enlarged them. Public baths and wash-houses were planted since 1881. Wheat is a steadily diminishing crop, and presented to the town in 1898, and a marble statue of the oats acreage, which was 48,292 in 1871, was 43,937 in 1898. Burns was unveiled in 1882. A free library is under con- The following table gives the principal acreages at intervals of struction. The School Board controls an endowed academv. five years from 1880 :— A novitiate lias lately been added to the Commercial under Corn Green Year. Area Clover. Permanent Crops. Crops. Crops. College of the Marist Brotherhood. Population of royal Pasture. Fallow. burgh (1881), 15,759; (1891), 16,675; of parliamentary 1880 231,447 50,406 25,783 71,450 83,221 587 burgh (1891), 18,049; (1901), 17,081. Maxwelltown, 1885 238,158 49,708 25,331 69,294 93,535 290 1890 249,168 48,557 25,978 76,306 98,145 130 on the other side of the river, and in Kirkcudbrightshire, 1895 259,082 46,495 24,996 82,797 104,374 344 but included in the parliamentary burgh of Dumfries, is 1899 259,764 44,414 23,551 80,838 110,790 106 a burgh of barony and a police burgh. The new bridge connecting the towns has been widened. There are in The following table gives particulars of the live stock durin^ Maxwelltown 2 tweed mills, 3 hosiery factories, and dye- the same years :— works. Recent erections are a Roman Catholic church Cows or Total Total Heifers Year. Horses. and convent, an Episcopal mission church, a court house, in Sheep. Pigs. Cattle. Milk or Calf. and a new prison for Dumfries. Population (1891), 4975 • 1880 7414 55,576 16,266 517,288 10,286 (1901), 5789. 1885 7240 57,119 18,677 490,641 12,154 1890 7409 58,211 18,420 527,319 14,034 Dumfriesshire, a border county of Scotland, 1895 7990 58,067 19,489 525,301 11,531 bounded S. by the Solway Firth, FT. by Lanark, Peebles, 1899 7484 62,016 20,339 565,490 10,915 and Selkirk, W. by Ayr and Kirkcudbright, and S. by Cumberland. Pig-feeding has fallen off steadily since the value of the pork product reached £100,000 in 1867. Arable farms range from 100 Area and Population.—In 1891 the Lanark parts of the parishes to acres, and pastoral from 300 to 3000. At the date of of Moffat and Kirkpatrick-Juxta were transferred to Dumfries- the300 return, 1895, the average size of the 2785 holdings shire. The area of the county, according to the latest official was last 93 acres; 21-83 were under 5 acres, 30‘41 between 5 and estimate, is 688,057 acres, or 1068"8 square miles. The popula- 50, and over 50 acres. The number of farms between 50 tion was in 1881, 74,808 ; in 1891, 74,221 ; in 1891, on the above and 100 47-76 was 384 ; between 100 and 300, 763 ; between 300 area, 72,245, of whom 34,898 were males and 39,347 females; and 500, acres 147 ; between 500 and 1000, 34 ; and there were 2 over in 1901, 72,569. On the old area, taking land only (680,217 1000 acres. fortunes of agriculture of recent years have acres or 1062-8 square miles), the number of persons to the square not tended to The the county of its general pastoral appearmile in 1891 was 70, and the number of acres to the person 9'2. ance. At thedeprive census of 1891 there were 7122 men and 1089 In the registration county the population decreased 2‘5 per cent, women engaged in agriculture. between 1881 and 1891. Between 1881 and 1891 the excess of and Trade.—The following table shows the output births over deaths was 7053, and the decrease of the resident of Industries minerals for 1890 and 1899 ; the figures for coal represent the population 1922. The following table gives particulars of births, output of Dumfries and Argyll shires conjointly :— deaths, and marriages in 1880, 1890, and 1899:— Coal. Lead Ore. Sandstone. Year. of Year. Deaths. Marriages. Births. Percentage Tons. Value. Tons. Tons. Value. Illegitimate. 3890 106,128 £38,471 1880 1417 1863 £12,973 469 2252 14-4 1899 154,786 £58,690 1890 1469 1848 £14,500 245,912 £83,039 486 1962 13-46 1899 1255 482 1835 10-8 The number of persons engaged in industrial pursuits in 1891 was 9/54 men and 3535 women, of whom 2047 men were conThe following table gives the birth-rate, death-rate, and nected with minerals, and 1192 men and 1308 women with marriage-rate per thousand of the population for a series of textiles. Dumfries and Annan (§,.'r.) are the ports. Only 2 miles years :— have been added to the railway mileage during the past twenty-